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Sam Franco
Chapter 11
Ralph Terzi
Nathan Dweck
May 3, 2017
Chapter 11
Section 1
The Rise of Islam
Oasis Towns and Desert Life
Islam appeared in the Arabian Peninsula, part of southwest Asia, which is mostly desert.
Bedouins, or nomadic herders, adapted to the conditions of the desert. They regularly
traded with people from oasis towns like Mecca. Mecca is located in Western Arabia.
Mecca was a thriving pilgrimage and economic center. It was a market town at the
crossroads of two routes, one that linked S. Arabia to India and to Syria and Palestine on
the Med. Coast, and the other crossed from Mesopotamia to E. Africa.
The Prophet Muhammad
Muhammad was born in Mecca in about the year 570. In about the Year 510, Muhammad
first spoke of his vision in the Arabian town of Mecca. Some believed him, and some
doubted him. But in years to come, Muhammad would be recognized by millions of
Muslims as Prophet and Islam would be spread throughout three continents. In 622,
Meccan merchants threatened him and so he and his followers left for Yathrib, which is
now known as Medina, or “the city of the Prophet.” This journey was known as hijra.
After the death of Muhammad in 632, Islam did continue to spread worldwide. Abu Bakr,
the first Caliph, or successor to Muhammad, helped Islam survive the death of its
prophet.
The Message of Islam
Five Pillars- All Muslims had to accept five basic duties. These are known as the Five
Pillars of Islam.
The first pillar is the declaration of faith- “There is no god but Allah, Muhammad is the
messenger of god.” They do believe that Abraham, Moses and Jesus were Prophets, but
they believe that Muhammad was the last and most important.
The second pillar is daily prayer. They pray five times a day. They pray often at the
mosques, or places of worship, and face Mecca when they pray.
The third pillar is giving charity to the poor.
The fourth pillar is the fast of Ramadan, in which they fast from sunrise till sunset every
day during the month of Ramadan.
The fifth pillar is the Hajj, or pilgrimage to Mecca. If possible, A Muslim is expected to
visit the Kaaba at least once in a lifetime.
Added info on Islamic customs
a) Kneel Down when they pray
b) Minaret- tall thing the points to the sky/g-d
c) Muezzin- calls the people to pray
d) Jihad also means challenge
e) They learn Koran in army camp
f) Tap finger during prayer- shows one ness of god
g) They have a special way of washing before prayer
The Quran- to Muslims, it is the final authority on all matters, and it is the “inimitable”
word of god in its original Arabic form. This shared language helped unite Muslims from
many regions.
Sam Franco
Chapter 11
Ralph Terzi
Nathan Dweck
May 3, 2017
Sharia- Interpretations of the Quran that discusses laws about moral conduct, as well as
all other aspects of Muslim community. It puts criminal and civil laws together with
religious matters.
Women in Early Muslim Society
In the beginning, Islam helped Women by giving them full equality in all aspects of life,
including inheritance laws allowing her to earn her share of her parents’ or husband’s
property. Over time, this changed by absorbing different ideas from non-Muslims. In the
1300’s, an Egyptian judge stated that it was not allowed for women to even leave their
homes, unless it was an extremely important situation, like if one of her parents died.
Section 2
Islam Spreads
Battle of Tours- In 732, the Arab push into Europe was turned back at the Battle of
Tours in France.
Muslim Treatment of conquered non-Muslim people- they imposed a special tax on
the non-Muslims, but they allowed Jews, Christians and Zoastrians to practice their own
faith and to follow their own laws. Jews and Christians contributed a lot in Muslim
civilization doctors, officials, etc. In time, many non-Muslims converted to Islam.
Muslims in Spain- Spain was one of the most brilliant corners of the Muslim world. The
princes encouraged poetry, the arts, and scholarship. At Cordoba, rulers employed Jewish
officials and welcomed Christian students to absorb Greek ideas at the feet of Muslim
teachers.
Sunnis vs. Shiites- they were rivals for nearly 1300 years. Today, 90% of Muslims are
Sunnis.
The Sunnis were a major group in Islam, who felt that leaders of the Muslim
community should choose the Caliph. Although they agreed that the Caliph should be a
pious Muslim, they thought of him not as a religious leader rather just as a leader.
The Shiites, on the other hand, believed that the only true successors to the
Prophet were those people that come from Muhammad’s daughter and son-in-law, Fatima
and Ali. They grew to admire martyrdom, or suffering, as a demonstration of their faith.
Sufis- They were Muslim mystics who sought communication with g-d through
meditation, fasting and other rituals. They were respected their devotion and miraculous
powers.
The Arab Empire
After the death of Ali, the Umayyad family set up a dynasty that ruled the Islamic world
until 750, which carried Islam from the Atlantic to the Indus Valley. Their capital was
Damascus, Syria.
Umayyads- As victorious as they were, they did have their problems. They had to go
from desert life to ruling large cities and empires. They relied on Jews, Persians and
Greeks to help them through their hardships. The Shiites hated them b/c they defeated Ali
and killed his son.
Abbasids- unhappy Muslims who found a leader called Abu al-Abbas, who captured
Damascus in 750. One of his generals invited members of the Umayyad family to a
banquet and killed all of them. This dynasty lasted until 1258, and it helped make Islam a
universal religion.
Harun al-Raszhid- He was one of the most famous caliphs of the Golden age.
Sam Franco
Chapter 11
Ralph Terzi
Nathan Dweck
May 3, 2017
The Decline of the Caliphate
As the 1200’s drew to a close, the Arab empire had fallen.
Seljuks- an independent dynasty that arose to rule separate Muslim states. In the 900’s,
the Seljuk Turks adopted Islam and built their own empire. They took control of the Arab
capital, Baghdad. A Sultan, or authority, controlled Baghdad, but he left the Abbasid
caliph as a figurehead.
Mongols- destroyed Baghdad in the 1258, led by Hulagu, the grandson of Genghiz Khan.
Genghiz Kahn was the one who led the Mongols out of Central Asia across Persia and
Mesopotamia.
Section 3 The Golden Age of the Muslim Civilization
One night Caliph al-Mamun had a dream. Although it was only a dream it
inspired him to act. He had all the scholars translate all the works of the world into
Arabic. Under the Abbasids, Islam absorbed traditions from many cultures. In the process
a new civilization arose.
Society and Economy
The Muslim empire united people from diverse cultures. Muslims absorbed and blended
many traditions.
Social Classes- Under the Abbasids there was no difference whether you were an Arab or
non-Arab. People could move up in society through religious, scholarly or military
achievements. There were slaves in the cities of the Muslim world however Muslims
could not be slaves. The sons of slaves sometimes rose to be a caliph or a high
government official. They encouraged freeing slaves.
International Trade Network- Merchants were honored in the Muslim world because
Mohammed was a merchant. The merchants built a vast trading network across the
Muslim world. A common language and religion helped trade grow and thrive. Trade
spread not only through products but also through technology. Extensive trade and
prosperous money led Muslims to pioneer new ways of doing business. They formed
banks to change currency and also invented checks.
Manufacturing- Manufacturing was organized by the Guilds. The heads of the guilds
often had the authority to regulate prices. The artisans produced a wealth of fine goods.
Agriculture- Agriculture flourished during the Golden Age. The Muslim farmers
cultivated a lot of goods that were bought and sold in the market. They organized
irrigation projects and drained swamplands in between the Tigris and Euphrates.
Muslim Art
As in Hindu, India religion shaped the arts of the Islamic world.
Design and Decoration- Because the Koran banned the worship of idols the Muslim
religious leaders forbade artist to portray god or human figures in religious art. Muslim
artist also perfected skills in calligraphy.
Architecture- Muslim architects adapted the domes and the arches of the Byzantine
buildings. In Jerusalem, They built the dome of the rock. Domed mosques and high
minarets dominated Muslim cities. Outside of the Mosques were large courtyards where
people should wash their hands before entering.
Literature
Sam Franco
Chapter 11
Ralph Terzi
Nathan Dweck
May 3, 2017
The great work of Islamic literature is the Koran itself. Scholars studied the words of the
Koran and then produced their own work interpreting the meaning.
Poetry- Arabs had a rich tradition of oral poetry, which helped bring various Arab groups
together as one culture.
Tales- Arab writers prized the art of story telling. They gathered stories from all different
cultural sources. The stories include romance, fables, adventures, and humorous
anecdotes. Aladdin and Ali Baba are examples of stories or tales.
The World of Learning
Mohammed respect for learning set the tone for Muslim civilization. Baghdad was the
Muslims greatest center of learning.
Philosophy- Muslim scholars translated the works of the Greek philosophers as well as
many Hindu and Buddhist texts. Muslim scholars tried to harmonize Greek ideas about
reason with religious beliefs.
Math- The greatest Muslim mathematician invented algebra. He later wrote a book that
was translated into Latin and soon became a textbook in Europe.
Astronomy- Al- Kwazarmi developed a set of astronomical tables. The Muslim
astronomers studied eclipses and observed the Earth’s rotation. This led to expeditions
later on such as Christopher Columbus.
Masters of Medicine- They built on the knowledge of the Greek Muslims. They made
remarkable advances in medicine and public health. The government set up hospitals and
sent doctors to rural areas when people could not make it to the hospital.
Section 4
Muslims in India
The Muslims built a dazzling new empire in India. As the Muslims mixed with
the Indians each civilization absorbed elements from each other.
The Muslims Advance
When the Gupta Empire fell in 550 India fragmented into many local kingdoms. Despite
power struggles Indian culture flourished. Trade networks linked India to the Middle
East, Southeast Asia, and China. When the Arabs armies conquered the Indus Valley in
711 they did not conquer the subcontinent. Then in 1000 Turkish converts to Islam
pushed into India. The sultan of Ghur defeated the Hindu armies across the northern
plains. He made Delhi his capital. His successors organized the Delhi sultanate. This
marked the beginning of Muslim rule in northern India. The real reason why Muslims
won was because the Hindus were not united. They battled one another. Many Hindus
later converted to Islam.
Delhi Sultanate
Muslim rule brought change to Indian government and society. Trade between India and
the Muslim world increased. During the Mongol raid of 1200 many scholars were forced
to flee from Baghdad to India. They brought Persian and Greek learning. This helped
create a brilliant civilization at Delhi where Persian art and Architecture flourished. In
1398, Tamerlane invaded India. He enslaved many artisans. The sultans no longer
controlled a large empire and Northern India was again fragmented. This time, into
Muslim and Hindu states.
Meeting of Two Cultures: The Muslim conquest of Northern India inflicted disaster
on Hindus and Buddhist. This caused Buddhism to decline as the major religion of India.
Sam Franco
Chapter 11
Ralph Terzi
Nathan Dweck
May 3, 2017
Hindu–Muslim differences- Hinduism was an ancient religion that has revolved over
thousands of years. Hindus recognized many sacred texts and prayed before Statues
representing many gods and goddesses. Islam however, was a newer faith with a single
sacred text. Muslims are monotheistic and find the carvings and statues in the temples as
offensive to god. Hindus believe in Brahman and different caste statuses. Muslims taught
the equality of all believers before god and had no religious hierarchy. Hindus celebrate
religious occasions with music and dance while the Muslims condemned.
Interactions- Eventually the sultans grew more tolerant of their subject population. Some
Muslim scholars believed that behind the many gods of Hindus, was a single god.
Therefore they accepted Hinduism as a monotheistic religion. As long as the Hindus paid
their non-Muslim tax they could practice any religion they wish. A growing number of
Hindus converted to Islam. For example the lower caste Hindus preferred Islam because
they rejected the Caste system. Others accepted Islam because they liked the idea of
monotheism. The merchants were attracted to Islam because they liked the strong trade
network.
Cultural Blending- Indian Muslims absorbed elements of Hindu culture. A new
language called Urdu, evolved as a mix of Persian, Arabic and Hindi. Nanak sought to
blend Muslim monotheism and Hindu beliefs. He believed in the unity of God, The
brotherhood of man the rejection of the caste and the uselessness of Idol worship. His
teachings led to the rise of Sikhism in northern India. The Sikhs later organized into
military forces that clashed with the powerful Mughal rulers of India.
Mughal India
Babur swept away the remaining of the Delhi sultanate and set up the Mughal dynasty,
which ruled for 300 years. It stretched from the Himalayas to the Deccan.
Akbar the Great- He was the chief builder of the Mughal Empire. He created a strong
central government on the subcontinent. He was a Muslim but won the support of the
Hindus through his policy of toleration. He opened government jobs to everybody. He
ended the tax to non-Muslims and married a Hindu princess. He hoped to promote
religious harmony through tolerance. He modernized the army, encouraged international
trade and introduced land reforms.
Akbar’s successors- Akbar’s son was a weak ruler. The golden age of the Mughal came
during the time of Akbar’s grandson. The literature, art, and architecture were at their
best. The Taj Mahal was a stunning tomb built for the wife of Akbar's grandson who gave
birth to 14 children then died. The Taj Mahal is stands as perhaps the greatest monument
of the Mughal Empire.
Decline- In the late 1600’s the emperor Aurangzeb resumed persecution on the Hindus.
Economic hardships increased under heavy taxes and discontent revolts against Mughal
rule.
Section 5
The Ottoman and Safavid Empires
The Ottoman Advance
The Ottomans were Turkish nomads who migrated to Asia Minor. In the 1300’s,
they extended to the Balkans overrunning the Byzantine Empire. In 1453, they conquered
Constantinople, and renamed it Istanbul. The Ottoman Empire kept on growing and it
stretched from Hungary, to Arabia, all the way to Mesopotamia. They ruled for centuries.
Sam Franco
Chapter 11
Ralph Terzi
Nathan Dweck
May 3, 2017
Ottoman Culture
The Ottomans had a Golden Age under the emperor Suleiman. He used a council
to help rule, a bureaucracy to supervise, and a military kept peace.
Social Classes- the Ottomans separated society into 4 classes. The men of the pen were
people of the highest authorities like scientists and judges. The men of the sword were the
soldiers. Members of these two classes had to be Muslim. The men of negotiation were
merchants and artisans. They carried out trade. The men of husbandry were farmers and
herders. They supplied the food. The non-Muslims who were conquered were organized
into millets, or religious communities. They had their own leader who was responsible
for the entire group.
Janissaries- The Ottomans forced boys of conquered people to serve in the army. These
people were called Janissaries. They were converted to Islam and were put into training
school. The best soldiers were appointed to higher positions. The girls of conquered
peoples were made slaves. (The word slave comes from Slav, the people who were
conquered)
The Arts and Literature- The Ottoman culture blossomed under emperor Suleiman the
Great. They used Persian and Muslim works to produce their own literature in Turkish.
Baki was one of the greatest Ottoman poets. Sinan was a great architect who built many
mosques including one that was said to be greater than the Hagia Sophia.
Decline- The Ottoman Empire declined as other cultures surpassed them. The Europeans
traded, the Ottomans were still based on agriculture. As time passed, different leaders
took over part of the empire until it disappeared.
The Safavid Empire
They were a Turkish-speaking dynasty. By the 1500’s, had control over present day Iran.
They were situated between the Ottomans and Mughal India. They were Shiite Muslims
and often had fights with the Ottomans over religious policies.
Abbas the Great- Shah Abbas revived the glory of ancient Persia. He centralized the
government and strengthened the military. They used force and diplomacy against the
Ottomans. Shah Abbas lowered taxes on farmers in order to strengthen the economy. He
mad his capital in Isfahan, the center of silk trade. He welcomed people from all over
practicing all religions.
Decline- After Shah Abbas died, Safavid glory slowly disappeared. In the 1700’s, a new
Qajar Dynasty won control over Iran. The Safavids had lasting contributions in Iran.
They planted Shiite traditions, and gave Persians a strong sense of their own identity.
The Crusades
The Christians considered Palestine as the holy land, and in the 600’s the Muslims
conquered it. The Arabs usually tolerated the Christians, and as long as they paid their
taxes, they were able to practice their religion. However, in the 1000’s, the Seljuk Turks
threatened Constantinople, and the emperor asked the pope for help. Because the
Christians heard of persecution of pilgrims by the Turks, they agreed to help.
The Pope’s Call for a Crusade
Pope Urban II was willing to help conquer Jerusalem from the Muslims. In 1095, he
called a Council at Clermont, and urged feudal lord t join the war against non-believers.
The people received the pope’s plea openly. These people were called Crusaders, from
the Latin word cruciata.
Sam Franco
Chapter 11
Ralph Terzi
Nathan Dweck
May 3, 2017
People joined the crusades for many different reasons. The pope agreed to a
crusade because he wanted the Byzantine Empire to act as a buffer zone. He also wanted
to expand Roman Christianity and be united with Eastern Orthodox. He also wanted to
get away from the problems he had in Europe. The Byzantines were in favor of a crusade
because they wanted to remain economically independent, and wanted to keep their
religion. The knights joined because they had nothing to do at home and wanted
adventure. The kings wanted money, and the serfs wanted to get away from their
lifestyle.
First Crusade
The first crusade lasted from 1096-1099. It was carried out by the Normans and the
French. As the Crusader neared Jerusalem, they were struck by disease, death, and lack of
supplies. However, they were revived when a Venetian fleet arrived with supplies and
reinforcements. The crusaders were able to conquer Jerusalem and other parts in the holy
land and set up Crusader States (Cultural Diffusion). When the Crusaders conquered
Jerusalem, they massacred all of the non-Christians inside. They were successful because
the Seljuks were too busy fighting with other Muslim caliphates.
Second Crusade
The second crusade was called after the Turks recaptured Edessa and were threatening
Jerusalem. Armies were lead by French King Louis VII who wanted to maintain his
lands, and German Emperor Conrad III. The two armies went separately until they met up
in Damascus. Nevertheless, they were defeated.
Third Crusade
After the Muslim leader Saladin captured Jerusalem, three different king set off on a
crusade. They were Holy Roman Emperor Barbarossa, Philip Augustus of France, and
Richard the Lionhearted of England. On the way, Barbarossa drowns and his people
turned back. Philip Augustus returned home to capture English held land in France.
Richard the Lionhearted was not able to conquer Jerusalem on his own. An estimated
300,000 people died on this crusade.
Fourth Crusade
This crusade was a general crusade called by Pope Innocent III. On their way to
Jerusalem, they were bribed by the Venetians to raid a Christian city called Zara. The
pope got angry with the crusaders and excommunicated them, however, they continued
on and raided Constantinople.
Results of the Crusades
Europeans learned a lot of things from the Crusades. They learned to use a crossbow, as
well as how to use pigeons as messengers. They learned new siege tactics, and everything
about gunpowder. The crusades strengthened the kings and weakened the lords. The
Church was also strengthened as a result of its leadership in the Crusades. It also changed
the status of women because they had to take care of the lands while the men were gone.
There was also cultural diffusion between the countries involved in the crusades.
Economy was also changed. New trade routes opened up from Italy, from the places
where soldiers were transported. The Europeans discovered products from the Middle
East.