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Homework Bell Ringer
Who is the artist behind this
famous Renaissance painting?
Homework Bell Ringer
Renaissance
Europe
1350-1600
What Do You Know
• List three things that you already know
about the Renaissance
What Renaissance is
• Rebirth of Greek and Roman thoughts and
ideas, caused by
1. influx of Byzantine refugees after Ottoman take-over
of Constantinople (1453)
2. Rise of new bourgeoisie class of merchants (Medici)
who will become new patrons of arts and literature
and investors in scientific discovery.
3. Period of recovery from disasters of 14th century
(Black Death, 100 Years War, and economic
recession)
Comparative Thoughts
Medieval
• Politics
– Feudalism (decentralized)
• Role of Religion
– Very Important (controlled
education, science, politics)
– Can not question it (heresy,
excommunication,
inquisitions)
• Economics
– Manorialism – no social
mobility, serfs tied to manor
Renaissance
• Politics
– Absolute Monarchs (total
control, highly centralized)
• Role of Religion
– Schism in faith (Protestant
Reformation)
– Begin to be questioned and
challenged
• Economics
– Rise of merchants and
international trade
– High social mobility
Practice Questions
1. One major characteristic of the Renaissance period is
that the
1. Catholic Church no longer had any influence in Europe
2. manor became the center of economic activity
3. classical cultures of Greece and Rome were revived and
imitated
4. major language of the people became Latin
Humanism
• Humanism – the philosophy that emphasizes human
observation and critical thinking over the acceptance of
Church & faith.
•
Subjects studied by humanist:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Grammar
Rhetoric
Poetry, Music
History
Philosophy
Classical Art & Architecture
• “Renaissance Man” – one who dabbles is all types of
scholarly interests – poetry, art, music, literature,
science. Can you think of a famous Renaissance Man?
Leonardo Da Vinci
• painter, sculptor, architect,
musician, mathematician,
engineer, inventor, anatomist,
geologist, cartographer, botanist,
and writer.
Raphael, School of Athens
• Imaginary gathering of ancient philosophers –
including Plato/Aristotle
Practice Regents
2. In Europe, a major characteristic of humanism
was
1. a belief in the supremacy of the state in relation
to individual rights
2. a rejection of ancient civilizations and their
cultures
3. an emphasis on social control and obedience
to national rulers
4. an appreciation for the basic worth of individual
achievement
Practice Regents
3. During the Renaissance, humanist
philosophers emphasized the importance of
1.individualism
2.absolutism
3.religious salvation
4.technological advancements
Renaissance Italy - Politics
• With removal of threat of
Germans/Holy Roman Empire,
Five powerful city-states:
Milan, Venice, Florence,
Naples, Papal States
flourished, but no
centralization.
• Papal States in center,
Kingdom of Naples controlled
by French, Sicily will be
controlled by Spain (Aragon).
• Strong merchant families
controlled politics, but
Why does Renaissance begin in Italy
nominally republic (Medici in
first?
Florence, Visconti in Milan)
Practice Regents
4. One reason the Renaissance began in
Italy was that Italian city-states
1.defeated the Spanish Armada
2.were unified as a nation under the Pope
3.were unaffected by the Commercial
Revolution
4.dominated key Mediterranean trade routes
Renaissance Italy - Politics
• Cosimo de’Medici (14341464) controlled Florence
through system of patronage
(amici de’ amici) – especially
arts to glorify new family.
• Bankers to the Pope
The Medici were self-made men –
family started out as sheep
herders, became wool
merchants…eventually some of the
strongest rulers of the land
01001
Catherine de Medici
on CW’s Reign
The Adoration of the Magi"
(1476) - Botticelli
• Sponsored by
Medici
• About 8
important
members of
the Medici
family in
painting.
Practice Regents
5. One factor that enabled the Renaissance
to flourish in Northern Italy was that the
region had
1.
2.
3.
4.
a wealthy class that invested in the arts
a socialist for of government
limited contact with the Byzantine Empire
a shrinking middle class
Italian Renaissance
Architecture – abandon
Medieval Gothic spires
and towers for Classical
domes and columns.
Florence Cathedral
(S. Maria del Fiore)
1420-36 Brunelleschi –
Architectural marvel, 130
feet in diameter and a
remarkable 185 feet high.
http://www.krafthotel.it/italiano/kraft_hotel_f
irenze_webcam.html
Inside the
copula
Renaissance Italy - Politics
• Niccolò Machiavelli (14691527)
– The Prince (1513)
» Political power to
restore and maintain
order
» Humanity is selfcentered (not based on
Christian morals)
» Ends justifies the
means
» Dedicated to Lorenzo
de’ Medici
“It is better to be feared than loved”
(Machiavelli)
Practice Regents
6. Which idea about leadership would Niccolo
Machiavelli most likely support?
1. leaders should do whatever is necessary to
achieve their goals
2. leaders should fight against discrimination and
intolerance
3. leaders should listen to the desires of the
people
4. elected leaders should be fair and good
June 2013 Regents
7. Niccolò Machiavelli wrote The Prince as
a guide to success in
(1) family life
(2) politics
(3) economic undertakings
(4) scholarship
Renaissance Europe – Literature
• Classicism became popular in northern European countries,
although classical literature was balanced by innovation in the
vernacular languages.
• Petrarch (1304-1374)
• Rejected scholastic philosophy
• Emphasize classics
• Boccaccio – Decameron (100 stories told by 10 people who fled
from plague in Florence. Made fun of chivalry and medieval
people).
• Cervantes – Don Quixote (mocked ideals of chivalry – Don Quixote
goes on adventures with side kick, Sancho Panza)
Petrarch
“It is more honorable to be
raised to a throne than to
be born to one. Fortune
bestows the one, merit
obtains the other.”
• What does this quote reveal
about Italian politics in the
Renaissance? Why would the
Medici like such a statement?
Shakespeare
wrote between
1589 and 1613
• 38 Plays
• 154 Sonnets
• Earliest works were comedies
(like Midsummer Nights’
Dream and Taming of Shrew)
and histories (Richard III)
• Near end of writing career
focused on tragedies (Othello,
Hamlet, King Leer, Macbeth)
• Queen Elisabeth and later King
James of England were
sponsors
Practice Question
8. What was a major characteristic of the
Renaissance in Europe?
1.Secular achievements were emphasized.
2.Suffrage was granted to men and women.
3.Most literature was written in Arabic.
4.Most ancient Greek and Roman ideas
were rejected.
Printing Press
• Printing Press--a machine for printing books
• Invented by Johannes Gutenberg
• Germany, 1450
The Printing Press
First book printed on
a printing press
using metal
moveable type:
The Gutenberg
Bible
c. 1470
In the Middle Ages-
• handwritten by monks
• took a long time; very expensive
• pages made of parchment or vellum
sheep skin
• Gothic Script- font that was
hard to read
calf skin
Effect of Gutenberg’s Printing Press
1. Books were cheaper to make
and cheaper to buy
2. Books were small & easy to
carry
3. Most people could afford them
4. Printed in languages other
than Latin
Effect of Gutenberg’s Printing Press
5. Literacy increased in Europe
6. New ideas (science and
reformation) spread quickly
7. Organized system of spelling,
grammar, punctuation
8. Organized book format:
Title, table of contents,
page #’s, index
– Literacy rates rise.
– Shakespeare’s sonnets circulated.
– Secular ideas spread.
9. Which innovation led directly to these
developments?
1.
2.
3.
4.
printing press
astrolabe
paper currency
caravel
Practice Question
10.
•The introduction of gunpowder helped bring an end to
feudalism.
•The printing press played an important role in causing the
Reformation.
These statements best reflect the idea that
1.environmental changes can affect human society
2.contact with other societies can lead to conflict and war
3.economic change can be slow and almost unnoticed
4.technological advances can lead to major change
How Do They Compare
Medieval
Renaissance
Renaissance Europe - Art
• Laws of perspective and geometrical organization of
outdoor space and light
• Investigation of movement and anatomical structure
• Theme – religious – mythological – portraiture
– High Renaissance
• Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)
– Realism and idealism
• Raphael (1483-1520)
– Ideal of beauty
• Michelangelo (1475-1564)
– Divine beauty
• The Northern Artistic Renaissance
– Jan van Eyck (1390?-1441)
» Oil paint and varied range of colors
Brunelleschi – Linear
Perspective (1420)
Let’s Think – how does this one vantage point perspective reinforce the humanist
qualities of the focus on the individual rather than God.
Perspective -
Birth of Venus – Botticelli 1486
• Differs from
Medieval –
– Nudes
– Mythological
Scenes
– Human
Anatomy
– Merchants
patron not
church
Florentine artist Leonardo
da Vinci painted Mona Lisa
(1503-1506, Louvre, Paris)
in oil on a wood
background.
• Created with scientific rigor
and fastidious observation.
• painting was the natural
extension of science –
physics & anatomy
• accurately reflected
creation.
Dissection was considered a sin in
Middle Ages in Europe – more and
more scientists and artists doing
that in Renaissance.
Michelangelo – 1508 painted
Sistine Chapel in Vatican.
(Scene - Creation of Adam)
• Hallway leading to
Sistine Chapel
• trompe l'oeil
Repairs from
the last
earthquake
Pieta of Michelangelo
Renaissance Europe - Art
– Art: The Baroque
• Harmonize the classical ideals of
Renaissance art with the spiritual feeling
of the 16th century religious revival
• Peter Paul Rubens (1577-1640)
Triumph of Truth,
Rubens, oil
Intended to be
viewed in the round.
Raphael –
favored bright
colors. Made
several scenes
of Madonna
and Child.
(1506 –
Tempera)
Practice Regents
11. Which characteristic was common to the
Golden Age of Greece and the Italian
Renaissance?
1. a strong military led to national unity
2. written constitutions led to the establishment of
democratic governments
3. prosperity led to the creation of many works of
art
4. political instability led directly to the formation
of unified nation-states
Homework Bell Ringer
• Which English Monarch will create the
Anglican Church – a protestant church –
because the Catholic Pope refused to
grant him a divorce?
Protestant Reformation
1517
Problems in the Catholic Church
• Wealth – spent
on Churches not
people.
• Abuses among
Clergy.
• Role of the Pope
in politics.
France upset that the Catholic Church refused to pay
Taxes – so kidnapped Catholic Pope and created own
Pope at Avignon – now two popes. Starts question
Of how Popes are made – God or Man?
Martin Luther - Germany
• Martin Luther protested
the papal approval for the
grant of indulgences in
Germany.
• Ninety-five Theses,
1517, Wittenberg
• Spread through printing
press
Luther Wanted
• *no elaborate
organization
headed by the
pope,
• *direct
communication
with God
• *authority of Bible
(translation from
Latin to German vernacular)
Practice Question
•
“Unless I am convinced by Scripture and plain reason... my
conscience is captive to the Word of God. I cannot and I will hot
recant anything, for to go against conscience is neither right nor
safe. Here I stand, I cannot do otherwise.” —Martin Luther, Diet of
Worms (1517)
•
When Martin Luther said “my conscience is captive to the Word of
God,” he was referring to his belief in
1.
2.
3.
4.
the supremacy of the Bible over Church policies
imprisoning those who disagreed with Church teachings
maintaining the unity of the Church
the need for nepotism
Reaction to Luther
• Excommunication, 1521
• Edict of Worms (Charles V banned Luther’s
writings and charged him with heresy)
• Many German princes responded positively to
Luther's message, at least in part as a means of
advancing their independence.
• Peasants seeking greater freedom from their
lords and townsmen eager for justification for
their pursuit of wealth.
Spread of Protestant Ideas
• Calvanism – John Calvin (Swiss lawyer and theologian)
– Good works do not ensure salvation.
– Predestination – God has already determined who would be
saved.
– Emphasized disciplined, morally strict lifestyle.
– Huguenots (France); Presbyterian (John Knox, Scotland);
Puritans (England)
• Baptist – Believed that only someone who understood
the rite of baptism (an adult) could become part of the
faith.
Protestantism in England
– King Henry VIII of England (15091547)
» Wanted divorce of Catherine of
Aragon – who only had female
heir.
» Pope refused
» Archbishop of Canterbury
approved.
» Pope excommunicates England
» Act of Supremacy, 1534 –
created Anglican Church with
King as supreme head of
religion
Practice Regents
•
Which factor helped most to bring about the
Protestant Reformation?
1. the Catholic clergy had lost faith in their religion
2. Islam was attracting many converts in Western
Europe
3. kings and princes in Northern Europe resented
the power of the Catholic Church
4. the exploration of the Americas led to the
introduction of new religious ideas
Mary Tudor,
Catholic –
called
Bloody Mary
because she
persecuted
Protestants.
1558-1603 reigned in
relative peace,
supported Anglican
Church. Wanted to
keep her reign and
power so never
married called the
“Virgin Queen”
Catholic’s Reaction
“Counter” Reformation
• Created Society of Jesus (Jesuits),
– Ignatius of Loyola (1491-1556)
– Absolute obedience to Pope
• Reform papacy
» Council of Trent, 1545-1563
» outlawed indulgences
» Reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachings
• Cracked Down on “heretics”
• Inquisition – Church court to try heresy came into
practice again
• Created an Index – list of books Catholics were
forbidden to read (good books float)
Results of Protestant
Reformation
• New Christian Religions Founded – Lutheran,
Presbyterian, Puritan, Baptist, Anglican.
• Monarchs and Civil Governments increase power
at expense of Catholic Church.
• Centuries of Warfare –
•
•
•
1588 Protestant England at war with Catholic Spain over
colonial trade (Spanish Armada nearly destroyed)
“Thirty Years War” (1618-1648) involving most European
Countries dividing up on side of their religion
even into modern day Ireland.
Practice Regents
•
In Western Europe, a major immediate effect of
the Reformation was a
1. renewed domination of the Catholic Church
over the German states
2. greater tolerance of religions other than
Christianity
3. decrease in educational opportunities for the
middle class
4. decline in religious unity and in the power of the
Catholic Church