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Chapter 15, Part I (p.544-552) Exploration and Missionary Movements - - - - During the Wars of Religion in the 16th century, the Church began the greatest missionary expansion of her history o Came about through through the efforts of a relatively small number of missionaries who believed that “God desires the salvation of everyone”. Reached Asia, Africa, and the New World Missionary expeditions followed the wake of new explorations throughout the world o 1487 – Portuguese sailor Bartholomew Dias rounded the southern tip of Africa opening a new way to India o 1492 – Christopher Columbus went in search of a westward water route to India discovered the New World in the Western Hemisphere Before the 16th century, the predominant avenue of trade for Europe was the Mediterranean Sea o Attempts to trade via other seas were hindered by disputes about the size of the earth and claims that the ocean southwest of Gibraltar was unnavigable Also stories of sea monsters, boiling water World was filled with superstition and fairy tales th Late 15 century – number of factors began to change o Dominance of trade in the Mediterranean by Italian city-states Brought back exotic goods from the Crusader Kingdoms o Ottoman Turks conquered the last of these Crusader Kingdoms With the fall of Byzantium, trade with the East became more difficult and costly Costs of silks and spices increased dramatically, and the farther West one went, the higher the prices rose High prices did not lessen the demand for these goods In order to keep supplies up, western states such as Portugal and Spain began to look for alternative routes to bypass Turkish and Italian states. o During the Renaissance, the power of monarchs was becoming centralized As modern nation-states slowly took shape, princes began to accumulate the resources necessary to fund new exploratory voyages. Encouraging merchant trade also increased tax revenue – allowed states to fund even more explorations I. Henry the Navigator A. Prince Henry the Navigator 1. Brother of the king of Portugal 2. Helped advance the technical innovations needed to explore uncharted land i. opened a school for navigation where cosmographers and mathematicians improved the quality of maps, charts, and navigational techniques. a. The school developed an efficient sail ship (the caravel) which allowed pilots to sail against the wind and through high waves b. Also participated in the innovation of the compass and astrolabe, which allowed pilots to navigate and plot courses on the open sea 3. The result of all this innovation was that by the mid-15th century, Henry’s men were sailing farther along the African coast than any other explorers before i. Brought back gold, ivory, spices, and slaves II. The Route to India A. Exploration 1. 1487 – Portuguese sailor Bartholomew Dias sailed down the western coast of Africa and mistakenly rounded Africa’s Cape of Good Hope, thereby entering the Indian Ocean i. Voyage showed that it was possible to reach Indian by sailing around the tip of Africa a. Enabled him to bypass the Muslim-controlled land route ii. Dias was not able to explore this route in depth due to dwindling supplies and a mutinous crew. Returned to Lisbon. 2. 1496 – Another Portuguese sailor, Vasco de Gama, set out to sail around Africa with larger vessels that carried more supplies and handled difficult weather better. i. Storms and wind almost forced de Gama all the way to the coast of Brazil a. Westerly trade winds brought him rapidly around Africa ii. Reached Calcutta in May, 1498. B. Portuguese Supremacy 1. Due to the explorations of Dias and de Gama, Portugal established a commercial empire in Asia based out of the Indian ports of Goa and Malacca i. 1543 – trade was initiated with Japan ii. 1556 – trading post of Macao in China opened 2. Portugal became the first European nation to establish a worldwide trading empire i. success opened trading waters for the future Dutch and English empires 3. Portuguese exploration along the coast of Africa would also accidentally bring Pedro Alvares Cabral to Brazil. III. Columbus and the Discovery of the New World A. Competition Between Spain and Portugal 1. By the time Christopher Columbus arrived at the Spanish court with a proposal to sail West to India, Spain was ready to begin competing with Portugal. i. In addition, the Muslims had been driven out of Spain that year (1492) and Queen Isasbella wanted to take advantage of Spain’s new unified strength. B. Columbus 1. Had already proposed his voyage to the Portuguese but had been turned down i. Portuguese were committed to opening a route to India around Africa ii. Spain, on the other hand, needed a new route to compete with Portugal. 2. Queen Isabella accepted Columbus’ proposal and funded his voyage. C. Columbus’ Idea 1. Confident that by sailing westward across the ocean, he could reach the opposite side of the world i. Familiar with the world of 2nd century geographer, Ptolemy, who proposed that the known world was part of one Eurasian land mass that stretched halfway around the Northern hemisphere 2. Columbus believed that by sailing westward across the ocean, he could arrive at the easternmost reaches of this landmass. i. Had read Marco Polo’s The Description of the World and was convinced that the great cities of China were part of a large archipelago off the far eastern coast of Asia a. believed this group of islands could be reached by sailing 2,400 miles west of Spain across the Atlantic D. Columbus’ First Voyage 1. August 3, 1492, Columbus set sail with three ships and a crew of 90 men financed by the Spanish crown – with little risk to Spain 2. Sailed westward into the unknown ocean i. Had underestimated the size of the Earth by nearly 7,000 miles a. Spent an unexpected three months at sea 3. October 12, 1492 – land was sighted i. Had not found a new route to India – he had discovered the Bahamas E. Aftermath 1. Upon his return to Spain, Columbus received a hero’s welcome i. Insisted, until the end of his life, that he had found the passage to Asia 2. Discovery set off a frenzy of exploration to the New World i. Spanish and Portuguese explorers began following Columbus’ routes, expanding into the new territory ii. Spain and Portugal were in direct competition for new lands a. Before blood was shed, Pope Alexander VI was called upon in 1493 to negotiate a division of the discovered lands 1. Pope drew up the “Line of Demarcation” i. ceded to Spain all newly discovered lands 100 leagues west of the Azores and beyond ii. ceded to Portugal all newly discovered lands east of this line 2. The Line of Demarcation would give Spain the vast majority of the Americas IV. Expansion of Exploration A. Continued Exploration 1. Spanish discovery of the New World resulted in expansion and trade in the Americas and beyond 2. Spain continued to look for a sea route to India i. sent Fernando Magellan westwards around South America and across the Pacific Ocean in 1519 a. Magellans’ ship would be the first European vessel to circumnavigate the globe 1. Helped to determine the broad outlines of the world b. Magellan also claimed the Philippines for the Spanish Empire 1. Spanish missionaries were sent there to Christianize the population. ii. Conquistadors were sent to the Americas to help establish and secure Spanish landholdings a. conquered the Americas and the great Aztec and Incan empires 3. France, the Netherlands, and England joined in the exploration of the New World during the 16th century i. French fur trappers sailed from the northern coast of North America to the Great Lakes and down the Mississippi River a. carved out a new commercial empire in the forests of North America 4. Both the Dutch and English established colonies on North America’s Atlantic coast V. Social Consequences of Exploration A. Commercial Revolution in Europe 1. Known as the Columbian Exchange i. traders brought new goods and materials back to Europe that eventually helped secure a better standard of living a. New foods – like the potato, squash and new kinds of beans – increased the available food supply for the common laborer b. The increased supply of gold and silver from the Spanish lands would help Spain become a world power 2. Growing trade in America helped the leaders of Europe break local guild monopolies i. Enabled them to increase control over vast resources of capital 3. Countries created national economies 4. A middle class made up of bankers and merchants began to replace the older aristocracy 5. Countries adopted a new economic system – mercantilism – to manage the demands of trade i. Based on the idea that a nation could best obtain wealth and power by exporting more goods than it imported ii. As a result, nations tried to produce enough goods to satisfy all of their own needs while leaving a surplus to export abroad. a. The discovery of the New World supported this economic system because nations now had access to colonies that could provide necessary raw materials for producing a large surplus of goods b. Led to the creation of trading empires in the New World. B. Economic Transition 1. These economic developments did not happen overnight and did not occur smoothly i. Increased importation of gold from America caused widespread inflation in the 16th century ii. Those countries that did not have access to new trade routes began to lag behind the economies of Spain and Portugal a. England resorted to piracy of Spanish ships to increase their wealth b. Germany and Austria, which were rich agricultural states, could not keep up with the newly established colonies and reacted by creating a system of serfdom that dramatically reduced the cost of peasant labor 1. Bound the peasants to the land on which they worked 2. Reduced generations of peasants to poverty 3. Would last until the 19th century in lands east of Germany and Austria i. would plant the seeds of discontent that would make the society ripe for the introduction of communism C. Drawbacks of Mercantilism 1. Many suffered from the labor demands of mercantilism i. Portugal needed to fill a falling labor supply and introduced slavery into the European economy a. Their use of slave labor would spread to other European nations as mercantilism became dependent on slave labor b. African slavery lasted as a major industry throughout Europe until the 18th century ii. In the Americas, Indians suffered as well a. Disease brought by Spanish conquerors wiped out major portions of the indigenous population b. Millions died from epidemics such as small pox and measles