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Download D6 Antibacterials
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Aka antibiotics https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Lr__Mp VhNA Bacteria ◦ tetanus, tuberculosis, cholera, typhoid fever, syphilis, gonorrhea Viruses ◦ Influenza, cold, hepatitis, measles, AIDS Fungi ◦ Athlete’s foot, ringworm, fungal meningitis, fungal pneumonia, oral thrush Protists ◦ Malaria, African sleeping sickness, protist giardia, amoebic dystentery 1928 Alexander Fleming ◦ Discovered penicillin ◦ 1945 Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine ◦ Unable to isolate compound 1940- Florey and Chain ◦ Injected mice with deadly bacteria ◦ Some received penicillin and lived! 1941 given to Albert Alexander ◦ -London policeman with blood poisoning ◦ -5 days penicillin (then ran out ) 1941 US = massive development program 1942 = enough for 2 patients 1943 = enough for 10 1944 = 2.3 million doses in time for invasion of Normandy Moldy Cantaloupe! http://www.cbsnews.com/news/advancedantibiotic-may-fight-resistance-bacteria/ 1. 2. Usually safe except those who are allergic Antibiotic resistance -improper use - overuse 3. 4. Kill good bacteria Use of antibiotics in animal feedstock 1. Outline what is meant by the term synergistic effect of ethanol using a suitable example. (Total 2 marks) State two differences in structure between viruses and bacteria. Viruses do not have: ◦ Cellular structure, cell membrane, nucleus (and other organelles!), cytoplasm ◦ Viruses are much smaller (submicroscopic) and use host cells for reproduction of genetic material. Bacteriocides ◦ Interfere with formation of cell walls It’s all about the side chain! 6-aminopenicillanic acid is not antibacterial Penicillin G = not resistant to stomach acid ◦ R = C6H5-CH2◦ Has to be injected Penicillin V modified side chain ◦ R = C6H5-CH2- CH2 – ◦ Acid resistant Cloxacillin ◦ Side Chain altered so acid resistant and penicillinase resistant Most antibacterials don’t work against viruses. ◦ Why not? Need to prevent transfer/replication of genetic material Block replication-specific enzyme activity within host cell Vaccines ◦ Dead or deactivated virus particles ◦ Immune system produces specific antibodies Ready for next infection Inject their genetic material into a host cell, but the material is not expressed until a later date Herpes simplex virus, certain types of cancer HIV = retrovirus ◦ RNA DNA ◦ DNA becomes a part of host genome Attacks immune system by binding to a receptor glycoprotein (CD4) on T4 immune cells ◦ T4 cells activate other immune cells Difficult to fight because of: its ability to mutate (thus rendering a previous treatment ineffective) Its metabolism is similar to human cells Incredibly costly treatment
