Download Bremen School District 228 Social Studies Common Assessment

Bremen School District 228
Social Studies Common Assessment
Units 1-10
A.P. Psychology
Time-55 minutes, 100 Questions
Directions: Each of the questions or incomplete statements below is followed by five
suggested answers or completions. Select the one that is best in each case and then fill in the
corresponding circle on the answer sheet.
Name:
------------------------
Date: ------------
1. When the cat's amygdala is electrically stimulated the cat prepares to attack by hissing
and arching its back. Which division of the autonomic nervous system is activated by
such stimulation?
A) somatic
B) parasympathetic
C) central
D) sympathetic
E) sensorimotor
2. A patient who had long feared going into elevators was told by his therapist to force
himself to enter 20 elevators a day. The therapist most likely wanted to encourage the
of the patient's fear.
A) generalization
B) latent learning
C) shaping
D) extinction
E) reinforcement
3. Although Manuel was sitting right next to his parents, he smelled a skunk minutes
before they did. Apparently, Manuel has a lower
for skunk odor than his
parents have.
A) accommodation level
B) absolute threshold
C) tolerance level
D) olfactory saturation level
E) adaptation level
4. Maria has always taken responsibility for preparing family meals because she learned
that this was expected of women. Her behavior best illustrates the importance of
A) heritability.
B) social identity.
C) temperament.
D) gender roles.
E) accommodation.
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5. The
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
ability to pay attention to only one voice at a time is called
gestalt.
change blindness.
frequency.
the cocktail party effect.
sensory interaction.
6. After losing his left hand in an accident, Jack continued to experience pain in his
nonexistent hand. His experience illustrates
A) bottom-up processing.
B) sensory adaptation.
C) phantom limb sensations.
D) the vestibular sense.
E) top-down processing.
7. Olivia understands her world primarily by grasping and sucking easily available objects.
Olivia is clearly in Piaget's
stage.
A) preoperational
B) concrete operational
C) sensorimotor
D) formal operational
E) postconventional
8. Which of the following is true for those assigned to a control group?
A) The experimenter exerts the greatest influence on participants' behavior.
B) The research participants are exposed to all the different experimental treatments.
C) The research participants are exposed to the most favorable levels of experimental
treatment.
D) The experimental treatment is absent.
E) The operational definition is not applied to their variables.
9. Sigmund Freud is to the psychoanalytic perspective as Gordon Allport is to the
perspective.
A) behavioral
B) humanistic
C) trait
D) social-cognitive
E) self-concept
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10. Who is the best example of a Type B personality?
A) Tammy, an ambitious, self-confident waitress
B) Mauriucca, a relaxed, understanding social worker
C) Tena, a time-conscious, competitive lawyer
D) Juanita, an impatient, pessimistic librarian
E) Ethel, the effective salesperson
11. Arnold so easily remembers his old girlfriend's telephone number that he finds it
difficult to recall his new girlfriend's number. Arnold's difficulty best illustrates
A) retroactive interference.
B) priming.
C) source amnesia.
D) proactive interference.
E) repression.
12. The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system is called
memory.
A) sensory
B) state-dependent
C) long-term
D) flashbulb
E) implicit
13. Raul and Sophia were having a picnic when it started to rain. They did not think of using
their big plastic tablecloth as a temporary rain shelter and so were drenched within
minutes. Their oversight best illustrates
A) the availability heuristic.
B) confirmation bias.
C) belief perseverance.
D) functional fixedness.
E) overconfidence.
14. Mr. Lopez believes that severe depression results primarily from an imbalanced diet and
abnormal brain chemistry. Mr. Lopez favors a
perspective on depression.
A) biological
B) psychodynamic
C) behavioral
D) cognitive
E) psychoanalytic
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15. Both the researchers and the participants in a memory study are ignorant about which
participants have actually received a potentially memory-enhancing drug and which
have received a placebo. This investigation involves the use of
A) naturalistic observation.
B) the hindsight bias.
C) random sampling.
D) the double-blind procedure.
E) replication.
16. Which psychological perspective highlights the manner in which people encode,
process, store, and retrieve information?
A) cognitive
B) psychodynamic
C) behavioral
D) biological
E) evolutionary
17. Parents who disguise hostility toward their children by becoming overly protective of
them are very likely using the defense mechanism of
A) projection.
B) regression.
C) rationalization.
D) reaction formation.
E) displacement.
18. A chess-playing computer program that routinely calculates all possible outcomes of all
possible game moves best illustrates problem solving by means of
A) the availability heuristic.
B) belief perseverance.
C) an algorithm .
D) the representativeness heuristic.
E) functional fixedness.
19. The
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
minim um level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse is called the
reflex.
threshold.
synapse.
action potential.
refractory period.
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20. The ability to detect whether your body is in a horizontal or vertical position depends
most directly on
A) accommodation.
B) sensory adaptation.
C) the vestibular sense.
D) olfactory receptors.
E) subliminal stimulation.
21. Which of the following best explains why both million-dollar lottery winners and
paraplegics report similar levels of happiness?
A) the facial feedback effect
B) the relative deprivation principle
C) the spillover effect
D) the adaptation-level phenomenon
E) James-Lange theory
22. When 2-year-old Matthew was told he would get no dessert until he finished the food on
his plate, he threw his plate on the floor in a temper tantrum. Freud would have
suggested that Matthew was unable to resist the demands of his
A) superego.
B) collective unconscious.
C) ego.
D) id.
E) Oedipus complex.
23. The
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
healing power of positive expectations is best illustrated by
overconfidence.
illusory correlation.
the placebo effect.
hindsight bias.
replication.
24. The
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
complete set of cases from which samples may be drawn is called a(n)
control condition.
population.
case study.
independent variable.
survey.
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25. According to Freud, defense mechanisms are used by the
A) id to defend against the accusations and guilt feelings produced by the superego.
B) ego to prevent threatening impulses from being consciously recognized.
C) superego to prevent expression of sexual and aggressive drives.
D) id, ego, and superego in a repetitive sequence of internal conflicts.
E) unconscious to avoid the self-serving bias.
26. While relaxing in a lawn chair enjoying a cool drink, which of the following triggers the
"rest-and-digest" response, as your heart rate slows and digestion begins?
A) sympathetic nervous system
B) limbic system
C) somatic nervous system
D) parasympathetic nervous system
E) motor cortex
27. According to Freud, boys are most likely to experience the Oedipus complex during the
stage.
A) anal
B) phallic
C) oral
D) latency
E) regression
28. The tendency to immediately recall the first and last items in a list better than the middle
items is known as the
effect.
A) serial position
B) misinform ation
C) mnemonic
D) priming
E) spacing
29. The process by which we select, organize, and interpret sensory inform ation in order to
recognize meaningful objects and events is called
A) sensory adaptation.
B) parallel processing.
C) sensation.
D) perception.
E) accommodation.
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30. Which lobes of the brain receive the input that enables you to feel someone scratching
your back?
A) parietal
B) temporal
C) occipital
D) frontal
E) cerebral.
31. According to the Cannon-Bard theory, the experience of an emotion
A) depends on the intensity of physiological arousal.
B) can occur only after physiological arousal.
C) occurs simultaneously with physiological arousal.
D) precedes physiological arousal.
E) is intensified or lessened by physiological arousal.
32. Although Camile has detailed memories of her high school experiences, she remembers
very little about the boyfriend who abruptly broke off their marriage engagement.
According to psychoanalytic theory, it appears that Camile is using the defense
mechanism of
A) reaction formation.
B) regression.
C) repression.
D) displacement.
E) projection.
33. Dr. Wilson attributes the delinquent behaviors of many teens to the pressures associated
with being members of street gangs. Her account best illustrates a(n)
_
perspective.
A) psychodynamic
B) behavioral
C) social-cultural
D) biological
E) evolutionary
34. The
the
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
thin surface layer of interconnected neural cells that covers the cerebrum is called
cerebellum.
corpus callosum.
reticular formation.
cerebral cortex.
sensory cortex.
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35. Primary sex characteristics are to
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
as secondary sex characteristics are to
male testes; adrenal glands
female ovaries; deepened male voice
female breasts; deepened male voice
male testes; female ovaries
adrenal glands; underarm hair
36. Jacinda has a glass of wine after work because it relieves her anxiety. Her wine drinking
is likely to continue because it is followed by a
reinforcer.
A) secondary
B) partial
C) negative
D) positive
E) conditioned
37. After his last drinking spree, Fakim hid a half-empty liquor bottle. He couldn't
remember where he hid it until he started drinking again. Fakim's pattern of recall best
illustrates
A) the spacing effect.
B) proactive interference.
C) the serial position effect.
D) motivated forgetting.
E) state-dependent memory.
38. Noticing that his heart was pounding and that his palms were sweaty while he was
taking a difficult test, Harley concluded that he was "anxious." Noticing that his heart
was pounding and that his palms were sweaty when an attractive lady asked him to
dance, Harley concluded that he was "falling in love." The differing emotions
experienced by Harley can best be explained by the
A) relative deprivation principle.
B) James-Lange theory.
C) two-factor theory.
D) catharsis hypothesis.
E) adaptation-level principle.
39. The
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
process of encoding refers to
the persistence of learning over time.
the recall of information previously learned.
getting information into memory.
the motivated forgetting of painful memories.
a clear memory of an emotionally significant event.
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40. In Pavlov's experiments on the salivary conditioning of dogs, the US was
A) a tone.
B) salivation to the sound of a tone.
C) the presentation of food in the dog's mouth.
D) salivation to the food in the mouth.
E) not used in the conditioning trials.
41. An executive in a computer software firm works with his office door closed. At the
same time every hour he opens the door to see what his employees are doing. The
employees have learned to work especially hard during the five minutes before and
while the door is open. Their work pattern is typical of responses that are reinforced on a
----schedule.
A) fixed-interval
B) partial-interval
C) variable-ratio
D) variable-interval
E) fixed-ratio
42. After reading a newspaper report suggesting that drunken driving might have
contributed to a recent auto accident, several people who actually witnessed the accident
began to remember the driver involved as traveling more recklessly than was actually
the case. This provides an example of
A) proactive interference.
B) the serial position effect.
C) state-dependent memory.
D) the self-reference effect.
E) the misinformation effect.
43. Which research method is typically used to examine one participant in depth, usually
because the individual's situation/behavior is rare or unusual?
A) survey
B) correlation
C) experiment
D) case study
E) scientific method
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10
44. Jose has just played a long, bruising football game but feels little fatigue or discomfort.
His lack of pain is most likely caused by the release of
A) glutamate.
B) dopamine.
C) acetylcholine.
D) endorphins.
E) insulin.
45. Money is to food as
is to
_
A) delayed reinforcer; immediate reinforcer
B) secondary reinforcer; primary reinforcer
C) discrimination; generalization
D) partial reinforcement; continuous reinforcement
E) operant conditioning; classical conditioning
46. An
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
undersupply of serotonin is most closely linked to
Alzheimer's disease.
schizophrenia.
Parkinson's disease.
depression.
euphoria.
47. Pets who learn that the sound of an electric can opener signals the arrival of their food
illustrate
A) shaping.
B) extrinsic motivation.
C) classical conditioning.
D) observationallearning.
E) negative reinforcement.
48. The spatial junctions where impulses are chemically transmitted from one neuron to
another are called
A) neurotransmitters.
B) neural networks.
C) synapses.
D) axons.
E) thresholds.
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49. In their classic nine-year study, Friedman and Rosenman found that Type A men are
especially susceptible to
A) stomach ulcers.
B) cancer.
C) heart attacks.
D) lupus.
E) depression.
50. In the hypothesis "Students who study a list of terms in the morning, just after waking
up, will recall more terms than students who study the list just before falling asleep,"
what is the dependent variable?
A) Sleeping patterns
B) Waking up
C) time of day
D) number of terms remembered
E) students
51. Rabbits fail to react with fear to a signal of impending shock if they have suffered
damage to the part of the brain called the
A) hippocampus.
B) amygdala.
C) thalamus.
D) hypothalamus.
E) corpus callosum.
52. Which of the following is an unconditioned response?
A) playing jump rope
B) running through a maze to get a food reward
C) sweating in hot weather
D) clapping after a thrilling concert performance
E) getting money as a reward
53. Freud believed that personality forms as children
A) seek fulfillment in a hierarchy of physical and psychological needs.
B) demonstrate personality factors on five main dimensions.
C) pass through a series of psychosexual stages.
D) experience the reciprocal forces of internal and external forces.
E) conquer feelings of inferiority and anxiety.
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54. The speed at which a neural impulse travels is increased when the axon is encased by
a(n)
A) sympathetic nerve.
B) myelin sheath.
C) endocrine gland.
D) pituitary gland.
E) synaptic vesicle.
55. Abraham Maslow studied the lives of Abraham Lincoln, Thomas Jefferson, and Eleanor
Roosevelt in order to understand the nature of
A) reciprocal determinism.
B) an internal locus of control.
C) self-actualization.
D) the false consensus effect.
E) defense mechanisms.
56. Hasina was an abused child; as an adult, she is homeless and squanders any money she
can find on alcohol. Alfred Adler would have suggested that Hasina suffers from
A) an Electra complex.
B) the spotlight effect.
C) an oral fixation.
D) feelings of inferiority.
E) the Barnum effect.
57. The
A)
B)
C)
occipital lobes are to
as the temporal lobes are to
hearing; sensing movement
seeing; sensing touch
sensing pleasure; sensing pain
D) seeing; hearing
E) speaking; hearing
_
58. Which perspective most clearly focuses on how we learn observable responses?
A) evolutionary
B) biological
C) behavioral
D) humanistic
E) psychodynamic
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59. Hypnogogic jerk occurs in which stage?
A) Stage 1 sleep.
B) Stage 2 sleep.
C) Stage 3 sleep.
D) Stage 4 sleep.
E) Stage 5 sleep.
60. Which procedure helps to ensure that the participants in a survey are representative of a
larger population?
A) random processing
B) replication
C) correlation
D) naturalistic observation
E) random sampling
61. A concept or framework that organizes and interprets information is called a(n)
A) assimilation.
B) attachment.
C) temperament.
D) schema.
E) neural network.
62. Julio's bag of marbles is twice as heavy as Jim's. It takes 5 extra marbles to make
Jim's bag feel heavier, it will take 10 extra marbles to make Julio’s bag feel heavier.
This best illustrates
A) the opponent-process theory.
B) accommodation.
C) the McGurk effect.
D) sensory adaptation.
E) Weber's law.
63. H college graduates typically earn more money than high school graduates, this would
indicate that level of education and income are
A) causally related.
B) positively correlated.
C) independent variables.
D) dependent variables.
E) negatively correlated.
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64. A tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or
distort contradictory evidence
A) the availability heuristic.
B) confirmation bias.
C) functional fixedness.
D) the representativeness heuristic.
E) the framing effect.
65. Carl
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
Jung referred to a shared reservoir of memory traces from our species history as the
self-reference phenomenon.
defense mechanism.
collective unconscious.
psychosexual stages.
external locus of control.
66. Carl
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
Rogers referred to an attitude of total acceptance toward another person as
the spotlight effect.
unconditional positive regard.
self-actualization.
free association.
self-esteem needs.
67. After looking up his friend's phone number, Alex was able to remember it only long
enough to dial it correctly. In this case, the telephone number was clearly stored in his
memory.
A) echoic
B) short-term
C) flashbulb
D) long-term
E) implicit
68. Professor Crisman believes that most women prefer tall and physically strong partners
because this preference enhanced the survival of our ancestors' genes. This viewpoint
best illustrates the
perspective.
A) social-cultural
B) behavioral
C) cognitive
D) evolutionary
E) psychodynamic
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69. Which theory suggests that large-fiber activity in the spinal cord can prevent pain signals
from reaching the brain?
A) signal detection theory
B) opponent-process theory
C) gate-control theory
D) frequency theory
E) parallel processing
70. Dr. Winkle conducts basic research on the systematic changes in intelligence associated
with aging. It is most likely that Dr. Winkle is a(n)
psychologist.
A) biological
B) social
C) developmental
D) industrial-organizational
E) personality
71. While Mr. Gomez was going through a painful divorce, he tended to create
unnecessarily difficult tests and gave his students unusually low grades. A psychoanalyst
would be most likely to view Mr. Gomez's treatment of students as an example of
A) reaction formation.
B) rationalization.
C) displacement.
D) projection.
E) regression.
72. Elton responds to his daughter's fistfight with, "Good girls don't fight!" but when his son
has a fistfight he says, "Did you win?!" The role of Elton's reactions in the gender typing
of his children would be of most direct interest to
A) behavior geneticists.
B) social learning theorists.
C) Freudian psychologists.
D) evolutionary psychologists.
E) humanistic psychologists.
73. Which approach is most directly concerned with assessing the relative contributions of
heredity and experience to personality development?
A) cognitive
B) behavioral
C) psychodynamic
D) biological
E) biopsychosocial
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74. After listening to your high-volume car stereo for 15 minutes, you fail to realize how
loudly the music is blasting. This best illustrates
A) Weber's law.
B) accommodation.
C) sensory adaptation.
D) the volley principle.
E) transduction.
75. Tests that present ambiguous stimuli designed to uncover hidden personality dynamics
are called
tests.
A) empirical
B) projective
C) multiphasic personality
D) factor analytic
E) aptitude
76. Professor Smith told one class that alcohol consumption has been found to increase
sexual desire. He informed another class that alcohol consumption has been found to
reduce sexual appetite. The fact that neither class was surprised by the information they
received best illustrates the power of
A) overconfidence.
B) replication.
C) the hindsight bias.
D) the double-blind procedure.
E) the placebo effect.
77. The fact that people who are colorblind to red and green may still see yellow is most
easily explained by
A) the Young-Helmholtz theory.
B) the gate-control theory.
C) place theory.
D) frequency theory.
E) the opponent-process theory.
78. Jean Piaget is to cognitive development as Lawrence Kohlberg is to
development.
A) emotional
B) physical
C) moral
D) social
E) language
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_
79. A correlation coefficient is a measure of the
A) difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution.
B) average squared deviation of scores from a sample mean.
C) direction and strength of the relationship between two variables.
D) statistical significance of a difference between two sample means.
E) frequency of scores at each level of some measure.
80. Neo-Freudian personality theorists were most likely to disagree with Freud about the
importance of
A) the unconscious dynamics underlying behavior.
B) childhood sexual instincts.
C) anxiety and defense mechanisms.
D) distinguishing between id, ego, and superego.
E) unconscious impulses and anxieties.
81. For a moment after hearing his dog's high-pitched bark, Mr. Silvers has a vivid auditory
impression of the dog's yelp. His experience most clearly illustrates
memory.
A) short-term
B) iconic
C) mood-congruent
D) implicit
E) echoic
82. Infant monkeys raised with a nourishing wire mother and a nonnourishing cloth mother
A) preferred the nourishing wire mother.
B) preferred the nonnourishing cloth mother.
C) showed no preference for one mother over the other.
D) shifted their initial preference for the wire mother to the cloth mother as they
matured.
E) did not become attached to either mother.
83. In explaining human behavior, psychoanalysts are likely to focus on
, whereas
humanistic psychologists concentrate on
_
A) evolved functions of our thoughts and feelings; self-reports of immediate physical
sensations
B) observable behavior; the way we perceive, process, and remember information
C) childhood experiences and unconscious thought processes; current environmental
influences on potential
D) introspective reports of immediate sensations; empirical research relying on
observation and experimentation
E) the study of brain activity linked with mental activity; the examination of the
stream of consciousness and emotion
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84. Which perspective is most directly concerned with how the physical properties of the
brain influence behaviors and mental states?
A) cognitive
B) social-cultural
C) psychodynamic
D) behavioral
E) biological
85. The
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep are called
alpha waves.
beta waves.
delta waves.
theta waves.
sleep spindles.
86. Which of the following sleep disorders would be the most incapacitating for a
commercial bus driver?
A) night terrors
B) insomnia
C) sleepwalking
D) narcolepsy
E) sleep apnea
87. Epinephrine and norepinephrine are released by the
A) thyroid gland.
B) pituitary gland.
C) parathyroids.
D) adrenal glands.
E) pancreas.
88. Piaget is to cognitive development as Erikson is to
A) moral
B) physical
C) emotional
D) psychosocial
E) attachment
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development.
89. To study the development of relationships, Dr. Rajiv carefully observed and recorded
patterns of verbal and nonverbal behaviors among boys and girls in the school yard.
Which research method did Dr. Rajiv employ?
A) naturalistic observation
B) replication
C) the survey
D) the case study
E) experimentation
90. According to the social-cognitive perspective, one of the best ways to predict a person's
future behavior is to
A) identify that person's most central traits by having him or her take a personality
inventory.
B) observe that person's behavior in various relevant situations.
C) assess that person's general level of self-esteem.
D) uncover that person's hidden motives, as revealed by projective tests.
E) measure that person's unconscious conflicts and use of defense mechanisms.
91. Fast
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
and jerky movements of the eyes are especially likely to be associated with
sleep spindles.
dissociation.
REM sleep.
sleep apnea.
NREM sleep.
92. Skinner is to shaping as Bandura is to
A) punishing.
B) extinguishing.
C) discriminating.
D) modeling.
E) generalizing.
93. At the age of 22, Mrs. LaBlanc was less than 4 feet tall. Her short stature was probably
influenced by the lack of a growth hormone produced by the
A) pancreas.
B) thyroid.
C) adrenal gland.
D) pituitary gland.
E) myelin.
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94. To learn about the TV viewing habits of all the children attending Oakbridge School,
Professor DeVries randomly selected and interviewed 50 of the school's students. In this
instance, all the children attending the school are considered to be a(n)
A) population.
B) representative sample.
C) independent variable.
D) control condition.
E) dependent variable.
95. Little Albert was conditioned by John B. Watson to fear furry white rats. After
conditioning, Albert also showed fear to rabbits, dogs, and fur coats. This best illustrates
A) discrimination.
B) generalization.
C) acquisition.
D) shaping.
E) extinction.
96. Two-year-old Damien frequently refuses to obey his parents because he derives
immense pleasure from demonstrating his independence from their control. Freud would
have suggested that Damien is going through the
stage of development.
A) phallic
B) anal
C) latency
D) oral
E) fixation
97. Without any explicit training from adults, many 8-year-old children know how to turn
the ignition key to start their parents' cars. This best illustrates the importance of
A) observationallearning.
B) classical conditioning.
C) operant conditioning.
D) spontaneous recovery.
E) discrimination.
98. The effect of prior experience and current expectations on perception best illustrates the
importance of
A) accommodation.
B) transduction.
C) sensory thresholds.
D) top-down processing.
E) sensation.
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99. According to Erikson, teens who suffer role confusion have not yet
A) experienced a sense of basic trust.
B) achieved a sense of autonomy.
C) strived for a sense of competence.
D) solidified a sense of identity.
E) developed hypothetical reasoning.
100. The first time that 4-year-old Sarah saw her older brother play a flute, she thought it was
simply a large whistle. Sarah's initial understanding of the flute best illustrates the
process of
A) assimilation.
B) egocentrism.
C) conservation.
D) accommodation.
E) maturation
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