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Animal Life Systems
Animal Science I
Unit 1
Objectives
 Name, locate and describe the functions of the
parts of the respiratory system
 Name, locate and describe the functions of the
parts of the circulatory system
Respiratory System
Basic Respiration
 Oxygen is brought into the body
 Carbon dioxide is removed along with water and
other gases that the body does not need.
Mammalian Respiratory System
Structures
 Nostrils
 Nasal Cavity
 Pharynx
 Larynx
 Trachea
 Bronchi
 Bronchioles
 Alveoli
Avian
Respiratory
System see
p. 110
Physiology of Respiration
 Utilize muscles to enlarge the chest cavity, forcing
air in, and to reduce the chest cavity, forcing air
out
 Air enters the body through the nostrils and/or
mouth, passes through the nasal passage to the
pharynx, then goes through the trachea to the
lungs.
 In the lungs the air sacs called alveoli oxygen is
exchanged for carbon dioxide from the body
 Also helps control temperature and produce
sound
Circulatory System
Major Parts
 Heart
 Arteries
 Capillaries
 Veins
 Closed system in mammals
Heart
 Muscular
 Pumps blood through the
body
 4 chambers
 Left and right ventricles in the lower part
 Left and right atria in the upper part
 Contraction begins with the ventricles and proceeds to
the atria. When the ventricles are contracting the atria
are relaxing; as the atria contract the ventricles relax.
 This rhythmic cycle is the force that moves blood
through the circulatory system
The Path of Blood Flow*
 When a heart contracts and forces blood into the
blood vessels, there is a certain path that the blood
follows through the body. The blood moves through
pulmonary circulation and then continues on through
systemic circulation. Pulmonary and systemic are the
two circuits in the closed circulatory system.
 Mammals have a two-circuit circulatory systems: one
circuit is for pulmonary circulation (circulation to the
lungs; pulmo = lungs), and the other circuit is for
systemic circulation (the rest of the body). As each
atrium and ventricle contract, blood is pumped into
certain major blood vessels, and from there, continues
through the circulatory system
The Path of Blood Flow
Arteries
 Constructed with three layers of tissue
 Outer wall
 Made up of connective tissue strong enough to provide
protection from cutting or tearing
 Middle wall
 Made of smooth muscle and elastic connective tissue
 Inner wall
 Made up of a layer of endothelium cells over connective tissue
 Generally does not allow blood or other material to pass
through
 Elastic enough to smooth out the pulsation of the
blood caused by the pumping action of the heart –this
helps maintain a steady blood pressure
Arterioles
 Branches of the arteries
 Less than 0.2 mm in diameter
 Constructed almost entirely of smooth muscle
 Branch into capillaries
Capillaries
 About 8 microns in diameter
 Blood flow and pressure is smooth and steady
 This is important to for the proper exchange of nutrients
and waste products to occur
 Walls are composed of cells that permit the passage of
gases and some fluids
 Here oxygen and nutrients are exchanged between the
blood and tissues and waste picked up from the tissue
 All body tissue except hair, cartilage, hooves, horns,
nails, part of the teeth and the cornea of the eye
contain capillary beds
Venules & Veins
 Venules
 Small veins formed when the capillaries come
together in the tissue
 Continue to recombine to form larger vessels—the
Vein
 Veins
 Return blood to the heart
 Walls are three layered composed of elastic tissue
and smooth muscle
 Walls are thinner than those of the arteries
 Greater capacity than arteries
Blood-Functions
 Transport nutrients, oxygen & carbon dioxide,




waste products, & hormones
regulate body temperature by transferring heat
from the internal organs to the outside of the
body
clot to reduce blood loss in the case of injury
Maintain the electrolyte balance and pH level
Help protect the body against disease organisms
Blood Components
 Plasma
 50-60%
 Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets
 40-50%
Plasma
 Fluid portion of the blood
 50-60% of its total volume
 90% water
 Other 10% made of
 Proteins
 Organic nutrients
 Inorganic ions
 Hormones
 Gases
 Waste products
Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)
 Numerous
 Formed in the red bone marrow of adult
vertebrates
 No nuclei- except in birds
 Originate from cells with nuclei but as the cell
matures it loses its nuclei and aquiers
hemoglobinon
 Hemoglobin consists of iron and globulin- it helps transport
oxygen and carbon dioxide and gives blood its red color
 Help maintain a normal pH
 Live about 120 days and are continually being
replaced by new cells
White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)
 Not as numerous as red
 Large
 Have a nuclei but do not contain hemoglobin
 5 types that all function as part of the immune
system
 Not confined to the blood, may be found in other
tissues of the body
Platelets (Thrombocytes)
 Small particles
 Occur in large numbers
 Live about 10 days and are continuously replaced
by the red bone marrow
 Attach themselves to injuries in blood vessels and
release a chemical necessary for blood clotting
 Sticky
Lymphatic System
 Auxiliary to the circulatory system
 Carry lymph (a tissue fluid) into the capillaries of
the circulatory system
 Absorb nutrients from the digestive system
(primarily the small intestine) for transport to the
tissues of the body
Nervous System
 Transmits information
 2 major parts
 Central
 Peripheral
Central Nervous System
 Skull and vertebral column
 Master control system of the body
 Consists of the brain and spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous System
 Nerves that radiate from the central nervous
system
 Sensory nerve fibers carry information to the
central nervous system where it is analyzed and
appropriate responses are transmitted to the body
 Autonomic nervous system controls those
activities of the body that are under automatic
control
Endocrine System
 Pituitary gland- secretes hormones that regulate
hormone production in other endocrine glands,
the level of hormone in the blood
 Actions of the target organs maintain the
appropriate level of hormones in the body by
utilizing a feedback mechanism
 Glands do not have ducts to transport hormonesblood passing through the gland absorbs the
hormone and transports it to its target organ or
tissue
 See table 5-2 Major Hormones p. 118-119
Urinary System
 Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra
 Blood passes through the kidneys where waste
and some water is filtered out.
 The liquid, urine, is passed through the ureters to
the bladder where it is stored until the bladder is
full before being voided from the body through
the urethra
 Poultry do not have a bladder or urethra; instead
the ureters lead to the cloaca where the urine is
voided with the feces.
Assignment
 Discussion Questions 10-12, 14, 16-23
 For #’s 16 ,18, 21 you only need to name the two
kinds of blood vessels (16) ,the major components
of blood (18), and the major parts of the nervous
system (21). Due— Monday Aug 26 end of period.