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Animal Life Systems Animal Science II Unit 1 Objectives Name, locate and describe the functions of the parts of the respiratory system Name, locate and describe the functions of the parts of the circulatory system Respiratory System Why Animals Need to Breathe Use oxygen to release energy in the cells by oxidation of molecules that contain carbon dioxide Basic Respiration The process by which oxygen is brought into the body and carbon dioxide is removed along with water and other gases that the body does not need. Mammalian Respiratory System Structures Nostrils Nasal Cavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli See p. 108-109 Avian Respiratory System see p. 110 Physiology of Respiration Utilize muscles to enlarge the chest cavity, forcing air in, and to reduce the chest cavity, forcing air out Air enters the body through the nostrils and/or mouth, passes through the nasal passage to the pharynx, then goes through the trachea to the lungs. In the lungs the air sacs called aveoli oxygen is exchanged for carbon dioxide from the body Also helps control temperture and produce sound http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vu_ONM3Bj9A&f eature=related Circulatory System Major Parts Heart Arteries Capillaries Veins Closed system in mammals Heart Muscular Pumps blood through the body 4 chambers Left and right ventricles in the lower part Left and right atria in the lower part Contraction begins with the ventricles and proceeds to the atria. When the ventricles are contracting the atria are relaxing; as the atria contract the ventricles relax. This rythmic cycle of contraction and relaxation forces the blood to move through the circulatory system The Path of Blood Flow When a heart contracts and forces blood into the blood vessels, there is a certain path that the blood follows through the body. The blood moves through pulmonary circulation and then continues on through systemic circulation. Pulmonary and systemic are the two circuits in the two-circuit system of higher animals with closed circulatory systems. Mammals have a two-circuit circulatory systems: one circuit is for pulmonary circulation (circulation to the lungs; pulmo = lungs), and the other circuit is for systemic circulation (the rest of the body). As each atrium and ventricle contract, blood is pumped into certain major blood vessels, and from there, continues through the circulatory system The Path of Blood Flow Arteries Constructed with three layers of tissue Outer wall Made up of connective tissue strong enough to provide protection from cutting or tearing Middle wall Made of smooth muscle and elastic connective tissue Inner wall Made up of a layer of endothelium cells over connective tissue Generally does not allow blood or other material to pass through Elastic enough to smooth out the pulsation of the blood caused by the pumping action of the heart –this helps maintain a steady blood pressure Arterioles Branches of the arteries Less than 0.2 mm in diameter Constructed almost entirely of smooth muscle Branch into capillaries Capillaries About 8 microns in diameter Blood flow and pressure is smooth and steady This is important to for the proper exchange of nutrients and waste products to occur Walls are composed of cells that permit the passage of gases and some fluids Here oxygen and nutrients are exchanged between the blood and tissues and waste picked up from the tissue All body tissue except hair, cartilage, hooves, horns, nails, part of the teeth and the cornea of the eye contain capillary beds Venules & Veins Venules Small veins formed when the capillaries come together in the tissue Continue to recombine to form larger vessels—the Vein Veins Return blood to the heart Walls are three layered composed of elastic tissue and smooth muscle Walls are thinner than those of the arteries Greater capacity than arteriess Blood-Functions Transport nutrients, oxygen & carbon dioxide, waste products, & hormones regulate body temperture by transfering heat from the internal organs to the outside of the body clot to reduce blood loss in the case of injury Maintain the electrolyte balance and pH level Help protect the body against disease organisms Blood Components Plasma 50-60% Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets 40-50% Plasma Fluid portion of the blood 50-60% of its total volume 90% water Remaining 10% consist of Protiens Organic nutrients Inorganic ions Hormones Gases Waste products Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes) Numerous Formed in the red bone marrow of adult vertebrates No nuclei- except in birds They originate from cells that do have nuclei but as the cell matures it loses its nuclei and aquiers hemoglobinon Hemoglobin consists of iron and globulin- it helps transport oxygen and carbon dioxide and gives blood its red color Help maintain a normal pH Live about 120 days and are continually being replaced by new cells White Blood Cells (Leukocytes) Not as numerous as red Large Have a nuclei but do not contain hemoglobin 5 types that all function as part of the immune system Not confined to the blood, may be found in other tissues of the body Platelets (Thrombocytes) Small particles Occur in large numbers Live about 10 days and are continously replaced by the red bone marrow Attach themselves to injuries in blood vessels and release a chemical necessary for blood clotting Sticky, allowing the blood to clot Lymphatic System Auxillary to the circulatory system Carry lymph (a tissue fluid) into the capillaries of the circulatory system A small amount is carried back to the blood through a system of fine capillaries of the lymphatic system that are located adjacent to the blood capillaries Absorb nutrients from the digestive system (primarily the small intestine) for transport to the tissues of the body Nervous System Transmits information 2 major parts Central Peripheral Central Nervous System Skull and vertebral column Master control system of the body Consists of the brain and spinal cord Peripheral Nervous System The nerves that radiate from the central nervous system Sensory nerve fibers carry information to the central nervous system where it is analyzed and appropriate responses are transmitted to the body Autonomic nervous system is a part of the peripheral and controls those activities of the body that are under automatic control Endocrine System Pituitary gland- secretes hormones that regulate hormone production in other endocrine glands, the level of hormone in the blood, and the actions of the target organs maintain the appropriate level of hormones in the body by utilizing a feedback mechanism Glands do not have ducts to transport hormonesblood passing through the gland absorbs the hormone and transports it to its target organ or tissue See table 5-2 Major Hormones p. 114-115 Urinary System Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra Blood passes through the kidneys where waste and some water is filtered out. The liquid, urine, is passed through the ureters to the bladder where it is stored until the bladder is full before being voided from the body through the urethra Poultry do not have a bladder or urethra; instead the ureters lead to the cloaca where the urine is voided with the feces. Assignment Discussion Questions 10-12 14, 16-23 For #’s 16 ,18, 21 you only need to name the two kinds of blood vessels (16) ,the major components of blood (18), and the major parts of the nervous system (21).
