Download Respiratory (Gas Exchange) System

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By:Kevin W
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The animal kingdom has evolved some very
unique ways of extracting oxygen from the air
for use in cellular respiration. Humans and pigs
make use a diaphragm to draw air in, frogs
utilize their mouth and skin, and fish their
opercullum. Some have distinct pathways for
air to flow, and others such as grasshoppers
have an open network of tubes. These
adaptations all serve the same purpose: the
sustenance of life on earth.
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Hum
The respiratory system in humans is
centered around a set of lungs used for gas
exchange: -lungs are connected to the oral
and nasal cavities via the trachea to allow for
transfer of oxygen to and carbon dioxide from
the bronchial tree of the lungs
-The bronchial tree consists of bronchi and
thousands of smaller alveoli that branch off
and are surrounded by capillary beds where
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Human R
Gas is exchanged across the capillary
membrane into the lungs - the process by
which oxygen enters the blood stream and
carbon dioxide leaves.
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A
Pathway of Air
1. Nasal cavities
2. Pharynx
3. Trachea
4. Primarty Bronchi
5. Secondary Bronchi
6. Tertiary Bronchi
7. Bronchioles
8. Alveoli
-The organs of the
respiratory system
includes the nose,
pharynx, larynx,
trachea, bronchi and
lungs. Together these
organs permit the
movement of air into
the tiny, thin walled
sacs of the lungs called
alveoli.
-It is in the alveoli
that oxygen from the
air is exchanged for the
waste product carbon
dioxide, which is
carried to lungs by the
blood so that it can be
eliminated from the
body.
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A pig's respiration is nearly identical to that
of a human:
-inhales air through oral and nasal cavities
(nasopharynx and pharynx)
-transfers oxygen to the bronchi and alvioli of
the lung through the larynx and trachea
-Gas exchange occurs across the membranes
of capillaries in the capillary beds of the
alvioli in the various lobes of the lung
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ation of Gra
Respir
-Constists of numerous tracheae, which are
connected to the respiratory medium at the
outside of the insect through spiracles, which
are holes in the exoskeleton of the insect
-The tracheae are reinforced with chitin,
which prevent them from collapsing under the
atomespheric pressure.
-Do not have lungs or any organs for gas
exchange
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of Grasshop
-Continuously take in and let out air from
their tracheal network, which can exchange
gasses throughout
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Respirati
-fish extract oxygen from the water
through gills
-the process by which water is forced
through the mouth and across the gill
filaments allows for the extraction of oxygen
into the circulatory system
-the operculum, which regulates the
pressure of the this water and thus the ability
of a fish to extract oxygen, plays a crucial role
in this process.
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Respirati
-Skin acts as respiratory surface
-Gas exchange is able to occur directly accross
the epithelial tissue - oxygen enters the blood
stream and carbon dioxide enters the air
-Instead of using a diaphragm to draw air into
the lungs, frogs draw air into the oral cavity
from the nasal opening by retracting the
throat
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Respirati
-Once the mouth is full of air, the throat
then contracts and forces air into the lungs
-After gas exchange occurs across the lung's
respiratory surface, the throat again draws air
from the lungs into the mouth and then forces
it out the nostrils
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Lung S
-There are thousands of alveoli in a single
lung, which allow for a maximized surface
area which molecules can diffuse across
-O2 diffuses from the alveoli into the blood
and CO2 from the blood into the alveoli.
-There are thousands of alveoli and millions
of capillaries which the essential process of
gas exchange can occur across -this allows
humans to extract the most oxygen from each
"breath" of air
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-Homeostasis is maintained by the respiratory system
in two ways: gas exchange and regulation of blood pH
-Gas exchange is performed by the lungs by eliminating
carbon dioxide
-As carbon dioxide exits the body, oxygen enters the
body through the lungs
-ATP, produced by cellular respiration, provides the
energy for the body to perform many functions, including
nerve conduction and muscle contraction
-Lack of oxygen affects brain function, sense of judgment,
and a host of other problems
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Maintaini
-As a result of hyperventilation (heavy
breathing), CO2 is decreased in blood levels,
which causes the pH of body fluids to increase
-If acid levels rise above 7.45, the result is
respiratory alkalosis
-On the other hand, too much CO2 causes pH
to fall below 7.35 which results in respiratory
acidosis
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Re
-The respiratory system supplies oxygen to the
blood and removes carbon dioxide
-Relates to the nervous system because the
brain monitors respiratory volume and blood
gas levels and regulates respiratory rate.
Relating
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to Circulato
-Respiratory system performs gas exchange in
the alveoli that releases carbon dioxide from
the body and brings in oxygen
-Circulatory system then transports the oxygen
to tissues that used internal respiration to
burn fuel in the form of ATP for energy, thus
creating more carbon dioxide.
-Red blood cells carry oxygen from the lungs
to the rest of the body.
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Disorders
Common respiratory diseases treated by
respiratory care physicians and other specialists
include:
Asthma - constriction of hypersensitive
airways;
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
(COPD) - lung disease causing shortness of
breath;
Chronic Bronchitis - inflammation and
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Disorders
● permanent scarring of the bronchial tubes
● Emphysema - damage to air sacs walls causing loss of
elasticity
● Pleurisy - inflammation of the pleural membrane lining
lungs and the chest cavity
● Lung Cancer - malignant tumors that develop in lung tissue
● Acute Bronchitis-inflammation of the bronchial tubes
● Influenza - serious infection cause by the influenza virus
● Pneumonia - infection of the lungs caused by a virus or
bacteria
● Sinusitis - inflammation of the sinus cavities
● Common Cold - infection caused by a virus
Bronchitis
Pleurisy
Asthma
Citations
● http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.
ultranet/BiologyPages/P/Pulmonary.html
● http://www.oxygen-review.com/respiration.html
● http://respiratory-supplies.medical-suppliesequipment-company.com/PPF/page_ID/62/article.asp
● http://clccharter.
org/donna/medschool/systems/system%
20research/respiratory/respfacts.htm
● http://health.howstuffworks.com/humanbody/systems/respiratory/facts-about-respiratorysystem.htm