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Hatshepsut Accession to the Throne Daughter of Thutmose I Married half brother T II, “Great Royal Wife” Became Queen Regent for T III (shown standing behind T III) Co-Regency (shown standing beside T III) SOLE RULER – year 7 of T III’s reign Evidence: Deir el-Bahri ‘Divine Birth’, Coronation and Court Presentation scenes People associated with Hatshepsut Hatshepsut needed the support of male officials to legitimise her reign She built up a support system of loyal followers who owed their careers to her Senemut 92 titles Chief Steward of Amen, Royal Tutor to Neferure From humble background Administered the estates of the royal family and Amen priesthood Hapuseneb High Priest and Vizier Controlled wealth and supervised all provinces Grandfather had been vizier to T I Daughter Senseneb was 2nd highest female priestess Son-in-law was 2nd Prophet of Amen, architect and o’seer of works Father was 3rd Prophet of Amen Hatshepsut’s relationship with T III No evidence that T III felt subordinated to Hatshepsut Did not display jealousy, hatred or animosity Hatshepsut never stripped T III of his titles T III was allowed to continue military training and even lead the army 20 years after Hatshepsut’s death, T III destroyed and damaged monuments: -Red Chapel pulled down and relief’s destroyed -In DD, statues, cartouches and relief’s destroyed -T III etched out Hatshepsut’s name and replaced it with T III (inside temple) -Obelisk encased by T III (but preserved) Many pharaohs used previous king’s monuments – nothing new, even Hatshepsut did it Warrior Pharaoh At least 4 and possibly 6 military campaigns during her reign Campaigns is Nubia, Palestine and Syria, Gaza, another to Nubia led by T III Evidence: 30 statues wearing Warrior Crown Image of her harpooning Hippo Depictions of her as sphinx, trampling on Egypt’s enemies Graffito written by Tiy on the island of Sehel – suggests she led campaign Damaged text written by the scribe Djehuty Speos Artemidos text suggest she kept her army in a state of readiness ‘Booties’ from campaigns given to temples Building Program Repairing temples, chapels and sanctuaries Completing buildings of T II, and laying foundations New monuments: Mortuary Temple at Deir el-Bahri; the Red Chapel obelisks and 8th Pylon at Karnak; cliff temple at Speos Artemidos Deir el-Bahri Built for daily offerings to Hatshepsut after death Dedicated to Amen Shrines to other deities eg. Hathor, Annubis, Osiris Mortuary Chapel to T I Its walls also provided opportunity to justify her reign and major achievements Architect was Senemut 1st colonnade: -2 obelisks brought from Aswan to Thebes -Depicts Hatshepsut killing Hippo 2nd colonnade: -Divine Birth -Divine Coronation and Presentation to court from T I -Punt expedition 3rd colonnade: -Shrines dedicated to other deities (see above) as well as to herself and T I Buildings at Karnak Added monumental gate called the Eight Pylon Red granite sanctuary for Amen’s barque Erected 4 obelisks dedicated to Amen Religion Hatshepsut did more for Amen than any other New Kingdom pharaoh She made the High Priest, the Vizier as well Monuments built and expeditions and war campaigns carried out for Amen Oracle from Amen dictated her actions Only the most important members of the priesthood could enter the inner sanctuary – to change Amen’s clothes Priests had to: -Cleanse in sacred lake -Light fire and burn incense -Greet statue of Amen by singing hymns -Anoint the statue with oil and holy water -Make offers of food and drink -They backed out, sweeping away footprints Legacy Egypt was left with a prosperous, vibrant culture and economy Trade routes opened and new roads built, especially with countries in the Near East and Aegean Strengthened Amen religion and priesthood Revival of religious festivals eg. Valley Festival, Festival of Opet War campaigns had increased Egypt’s influence – garrisons built in other countries Monuments she left – temples were erected in every major centre in Egypt Overcame gender problems as ruler Egyptilisation – brought children of chieftains and educated them Ruled country after disruption and chaos of Hyskos – she brought stability Punt – wealth, ideas, luxury items BAD – gave Amen priesthood too much power Evidence: Speos Artemidos Describes how after the rubble of Hyskos, Hatshepsut restored Egypt She restored religious festivals, temples, roads and trade routes She restored buildings and monuments Restored Egypt’s economy