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SUMM~R WILD FLOW~RS BY G. A. L~ISMAN THE KANSAS SCHOOL NATURALIST KANSAS STATE TEACHERS COLLEGE Emporia, Kansas Vol. 4 APRIL No.4 1958 The Kansas School Naturalist Published by The Kansas State Teachers College of ~mporia Prepared and Issued by The Department of Biology, with the cooperation of the Divisions of Education and Social Science Acting Editor: Carl W. Prophet Department of Biology Editorial Committee: Ina M. Borman, Robert F. Clarke, Helen M. Douglass, Gilbert A. Leisman, Dixon Smith The Kansas School Naturalist is sent upon request, free of charge to any citizen of Kansas. The Kansas School Naturalist is published in October, December, February and April of each year by The Kansas State Teachers Col lege, Emporia, Kansas. Second-class mail privileges authorized at Emporia, Kansas. 3 The Origin of Cultivated Plants Which of the following familiar and important cultivated plants are native to the United States: potato, sweet potato, corn, wheat, beans, tomato, squash, pepper, cabbage, kohlrabi, brussel sprouts, broccoli, cauliflower, asparagus, celery, parsnip, beet, turnip, rllU barb, watermelon, lettuce, musk melon, carrot, onion, pea, spinach, radish, soybean, and sorghum? Be fore answering, let us find out just how a scientist goes about determ ining the place of origin of these and other plants. 'Where did our vegetables come from, and where and when were they first used for food? . As you might suspect this is no easy task to fulfill. Many plants have been cultivated for so many years that their origin is all but lost in antiquity. Sometimes, however, lady luck lends a helping hand. Most of you remember David Liv ingstone as a famous explorer of Africa. But did you know that he also found, by accident, the original home of the wild watermelon in central Africa? This illustrates, also, one of the best methods of tracing the origin of cultivated plants, namely by finding the place where the ancestral forms are still grow ing naturally. 'In manv instances, however, wild forms of 'cultivated plants are not found anywhere. Corn is a good example. How can a scientist find out where such plants came from? Well, common names are some times of a help. A plant which has many different names among scat tered people in a primitive country must have been there a long time. Therefore, this country might very well be its place of origin. When the white man first discovered the Indians of North and South Ameri ca, he also found that they had cul tivated beans for as long as could be remembered. Each tribe, more over, had their own name for this plant. The Indians on the St. Lawr ence River called it "sahe" or "sahu"; the Hurons called it "ogar essa," the northern Algonquins "tuppuhguam-ash"; the Delawares "malachxil," the Roanoke River In dians "okindgier"; and the Aztecs "a vacotli" or "etl." Thus it was likely that the common bean was native to the New World. With the help of other evidence, the origin of the common bean was eventua1ly traced to Central America. Archaeological findings are fre quently of great help also. Carv ings, decorated utensils, and orna ments frequently depict food plants used by the people of that time. Even seeds are occasionally found. Such findings, of course, -indicate ancient usage of these plants and possibly places of origin. Wheat and barley have been traced to ancient Egypt by this method with their eventual place of origin being close by in Mesopotamia. Recently even the microscope has played a role. Strange as it may seem, the shape of a plant's chrom osomes-those structures within the cell which carry the hereditary controlling genes-may also provide certain clues. Thus, for example, 4 the chromosomes of North Ameri can corn more closely resemble those of the corn in Cei1tral Amer ica than the corn in South America. This indicates a direct descendenc), from Central American forms for North American corn rather than from South American forms . Now that we have examined some of the ways by which a plant's place of origin can be ascertained, let us return to the original ques tion. As you may suspect by now, none of those plants listed can be traced to origins in the United States. Isn't it strange how depend ent we are on "foreign" vegetables and fruits? 'Well, you may ask, if these plants did not 'come from the United States, where did they come from? Space does not permit a de tailed answer, but some of the major centers of plant origin might be mentioned. The area around the eastern end of the Mediterranean Sea is one of the most important. Many of our vegetables apparently came from this area, as did Kansas' most important harvest crop, wheat. The Far East and India is another i.mportant center. Both Central and South America are the original home of many cultivated species. And there are other cen ters too. Do we have any fruits or vege· tables that are native to the United States? Yes, but they are relatively few in number. Mention the straw berries, raspberries, blackberries, currants, gooseberries, cranberries, and blueberries , and vou have al most exhausted the list. America 1S a land of plenty, to be sure, but re member that most of this "plenty" originally came from other lands. REFERENCES Camp, W. R., V. R. Boswell, and J. R. Mag ness. 1957. The World in Your Garden. Na.tional Geographic Society, Washing ton, D.C. Hutchinson, J., and R. Melville. 1948. The Story of Plants. P. R. Gawthorn, Ltd., London. Schery, R. W. 1952. Plants for Man . prentice-Hall, Inc., New York. HOW WHEAT CAME TO KANSAS In the previous article, we dis.. cussed in general the origin of many of our cultivated plants. Since much of the economy of Kansas is cen tered about one cultivated plant, wheat, let's examine in a little more detail the history of this, our most valuable crop. The history of wheat is a long one and extends back to, or even be yond, the beginnings of civilization. vVheat, along with barley, oats, and rye, was probably among the first of all cultivated plants. Scientists have been able to trace the culti· vation of wheat for food purpose~ back to the New Stone Age, ap proximately 15,000 years ago. These early people apparently dis covered the wild wheat plants growing in the mountains of Persia and Afghanistan, and through some way recognized the value of these plants as a source of food. (Ap proximately 50 different kinds of wild wheat are still found growing in this area, a good indication that this is the center of origin.) In their wanderings from place to place, they took the wheat with them, cultivated it at each seasonal camp site, and thus spread this crop to many relatively distant 5 areas. By 6000 BC "'heat had be come well established around the headwaters of the Tigris and Eu phrates rivers, the cn:;-dle of m,ul:' ancient civilizations. Through the rise and fall of th e Sumeri,~n and Babylonian empires and until bib lical times, the culti\'ation of wheat continued to expand over much of the eastern and southern areas of the iV Iediterranean region. Just how and when wheat was first introduced into Europe, no one knows. Suffice it to sav that once introduced, it quickly became one of the basic food crops. The New World did not become acquainted with wheat until the early 1500's when the Spaniards introduced it into Mexico. Some what later the first English colon ists brought wheat with them when the;, settled in Virginia. As man moved westward across the Appa lachians , wheat moved with him. And so as civilization gradually pushed back the frontiers beyond the state of Kansas, wheat came with the early settlers who soon found that our verdant prairies were ideally suited for this crop. Today Kansas is one of the leading wheat producing states in the coun try with approximately 200 million bushels produced annually. From 'Persia to Kansas! It's been a long journey, but certainly, from our point of viev\', very worth while. WHAT'S YOUR FOOD I.Q.? The following is a list of common plants that are regularly eaten as fruits or vegetables. Do you know exactly what part of the plant you are eating when it is prepared for consumption? For example, ,,-hat does lettuce represent? If :'ou ans"'ered ·'lea"es.'· \'ou'i-e correct. :\0'" tIT "our luck o'n those b elow. _-\ns\\'el:s ~,'ill be lo und on page 16. l. Lirna beans Broccoli :, .,). Irish Potato -1. S\\'eet Potato .J. Cauliflo\\'er 6. Celen' 7. Peas 8. Carrots 9. Brussel sprouts 10. Tomato ., THE METHUSELAHS OF THE PLANT WORLD What are the oldest living things on earth? Most people would prob ably answer the giant sequoias of California. Until a year or so ago this answer would have been ac cepted as correct. But within re cent months the discovery of even older trees has b een announced by dendrochronologists (people who count and study the annual rings of trees. ) Strange as it may seem these trees were found growing within 100 miles or so of Sequoia National P ark, the home of the form er cham pions of longevity. White Moun tains of California are the home of the new champions, and their name is bristlecone pine. More strangely still, the grove of trees with the most ancient members is found growing on the most inhospitable site of the forest. The trees are gnarled and weatherbeaten and seldom exceed 25 or 50 feet in height. Perhaps only a narrow strip 6 FUTURE ISSUES OF KSN of the trunk and one or two Plans are still rather nebulous as branches will be alive on any given tree. They seem to survive because to what subjects will appear in next year's issues of The Kansas School of rather than in spite of adversity, Naturalist. Issues for which some for on more favorable sites the trees work has been done are: "Fossils do not attain anywhere near the (or perhaps "Rocks and Fossils"), "How to do it for Elementary age of these old timers. How old is the oldest of these Science," "Snakes in Kansas," "Liz ards in Kansas," "Nature Hobbies," bristlecone pines? As of the mom "Watersheds in Kansas," "Wildlife ent, the oldest one studied is over Refuges ," and an issue on birds. 4,600 years old! In contrast, the Every attempt is being made to General Sherman tree of Sequoia cover subjects in which readers of National Park is estimated to be The Kansas School N atumlist are 3,500 years old, a mere youngster interested, so send your suggestions to the editor. Among the many by comparison. suggestions which have been made You may well ask how it is pos but upon which no work has been sible for a tree to be almost 50 cen done as yet are : "Galls" or "Insect turies old and yet be less than 50 Homes" and an issue dealing with feet in height. Growth of these pa the nature study of The Sunflower trim'chs is exceedingly slow, so slow State. in fact that over 100 annual rings can be counted in an inch of wood. SUMMER WILDFLOWERS In many cases the tops and upper The October, 1955, issue of The most branches die from starvation, Kansas School Naturalist was de and onlv a few of the lower limbs voted to fall wildflowers and the survive.' Thus if you think a turtle February, 1956, issue to spring or snail is slow, remember the \vildflowers . Now we'll fill in the bristlecone pine! gap. The plants described and pic In terms of living in the future, tured are those that bloom during / however, the sequoias appear to the months of June, July, and Aug have the best chance, since most ust. 1. SCARLET GLOBEMALLOW of the oldest bristlecones appear to Here is one of the most familiar be dying back. It is estimated that within 5 centuries these ancient roadside plants of western Kansas . dwarfs will have perished. The These drought-resistant, pubescent oldest sequoias, on the other hand, plants frequently form a solid car give no indication of slowing down pet along right-of-ways during early with old age. With continued pro summer. The leaves are 3-lobed tection they could still be living with each lobe being divided fur 3000 years from now. Unfortunate ther. If you have a hand lens or ly for you and me with our puny magnifying glass examine the hairs life span, we will not be around to on the leaves more closely. Note find out. how each hair has a star-like ap 7 pearance, being flat-topped with many radiating branches. Like all members of the mallow familv, the flower of the scarlet globenlallow has a central column of united sta mens. The color of the .5 petals has been variously calleel vellowish-red or scarlet, but orange or salmon would seem to be more appropriate adjectives. It is one of the few nat ive plants in Kansas that has this flower color. 2. SHOWY EVENING PRIMROSE We have many different species of evening primroses in Kansas, but this one is easily recognized by its white-petaled flowers . All the others have yellow flowers. The showy evening primrose is a common roadside and prairie perennial in central and eastern Kansas. The 4 white petals, 4 sepals, and inferior ovary are distinctive floral charac teristics. Upon fading, the petals turn a delicate shade of pink. Like most of the evening primroses, the flowers usually close during the heat of the afternoon. The showy even ing primrose is easily grown from seed. Another handsome evening prim rose is the Missouri evening prim rose, or Ozark sundrops, with its huge yellow flowers. The four· winged seed pods, green at first , turn vello,,- and ma\' be seen on the grou~d all ,,-inter. 3, RUELLL\ . This lo,,--!;!yo\\'ing perennial is found in pastures ,-n .- -rairies in the eastern half of 1:' 1 . Beci:1llse of its rather do:> III la c-e to the common pduni-., i i often l1b named '\vild pet ' ;1, " Till:' _ .litary purplish flo\w'fs are bome in th 8 leaf axil forming a funnel much like that of the petunia. They are ex tremely short-lived, with the corolla falling off within 24 hours. Hence this is hardlv a flower for the wild flower boug~et. Leave it in nature where it belongs. The leaves have a very short petiole and are pub escent. 4. SCURFPEA As the name suggests, this plant belongs to the pea or legume family. The leaves are palmately divided into 3 or 5 leaflets and are usually pubescent. In its general growth form and habit and its cluster of tiny blue or lavender pea-like flowers, scurfpea closely resembles the cultivated alfalfa. Because of this it is often called "wild alfalfa." The silvery or grayish pubescence of the leaves, however, usually dis tinguish it from alfalfa. A familiar prairie and roadside plant, the scurfpea adorns most every land scape throughout the state being especia lly common north and east. .5. SENSITIVE BRIER This shrubby, low-growing per ·ennial is easily recognized by its spherical heads of attractive rose colored flowers, its compound leaves divided into many tiny leaf lets, and its long, linear, and spine covered pods following the bloom ing period. The lovely flowers in vite picking but watch out for the many sharp spines covering the stems. Like other members of the Mimosa family, the leaflets have the peculiar ability to fold together at night, or in stormy weather, or when the plant is handled roughly. The sensitive brier is found nearly throughout the state and makes a handsom e addition to he roadside and prairie \eg ta tiOll. 6. PHAIRIE cLo'. · n~ Also a member of tJie pea or le gume bmit:-. the prairie clover is one of our most handsome prairie plants. Tlle compact spike or spher ical head of tin:- purple or white flowers makes the prairie clover readih - identifiable. We have at least 6 different species in Kansas, 4 with white flowers and 2 with purple. All are perennial and have a long taproot. They grow in prairies and meadows throughout the state and are very attractive to insects. 7. QUEEN ANNE'S LACE This plant is also called "wild car rot" and our domesticated carrot was derived from this plant. Queen Anne's Lace is not native to our country having been brought here from the Mediterranean region. It is easily recognized by the finely divided, fern-like leaves and thc loose cluster or umbels of tiny white flowers. After flowering, the flower stalks turn inward into a compact ball somewhat resembling a bird's nest. As the fruits ripen, however, the stalks bend outward again to form a flat-topped cluster. Queen Anne's lace is a biennial and is found along roadsides and waste places chiefl;' in the eastern half of the state. 8. WOOLY cnOTOc( A familiar roadside allnual throughout central and eastern Kansas. this plant is e<isi!:- identified bv its o\"ate le<1\'e 5 a11d ft \yook p~ besct'llce. Lik the s 'arlet globe mallo\\' mentioned efore. the leaves are co\-ered \\ith tho. e UJl 9 usual stellate hairs which show up so nicely under magnification. The flowers are tiny and very incon spicuous and are either staminate (male) or pistillate (female). Both flower types, however, are borne in the same cluster. \Vhen crushed , the plant gives off a very strong odor. Other species of Croton are also quite common in Kansas. 9. FOUR 0' CLOCK The four 0' clock is found in waste places, roadsides, and other disturbed areas throughout th e state. Though sometimes called a "weed," it nevertheless is an at tractive one. The upright, man~' branched stems grow to a height of 2-3 feet and bear opposite, more or less heart-shaped leaves. The flo\\ ering habit is rather unique for 2-.3 flowers are borne in a cluster en closed by a 5-10bed involucre or bract. Each flower has a bell-shaped calyx, colored purplish-pink, but no corolla. Following pollination and fertili za tion, the calyx tube drops off lea v ing the expanded involucre to sur round and protect the developing fruits and seeds. This plant is some times called "umbrellawort" be cause of this unusual feature. It is closely related to our common gar den four 0' clock and the exotic tropical vine often seen in our southenl states, Bougainvillea. 10. CONEFLOWER The many species of this group all have one thing in common, the type of floral structure. Each head has a central cone, either elongated or rounded, of disk flowers and drooping ray flowers around the base of the cone. "\l o:- t . t ~ ) cie... have vello\\' 1'<1\' flo\\·er~. The (:0 Ull nar p;'airie conefiower picturedh re is one of the mo. t common p j " and is found ne. r ~' hrol.l ~hou the entire state. . 0; 11. TO.-\DFL\X The bright :'e11o\\' and orange flowers of this attmctin' perennial gives rise to its other common name, "butter-and-eggs." The flowers look very much like miniature snapdrag ons except for a rather prominent spur which extends from the lower portion of the corolla. Its leaves are long and very narrow, growing on a stem about 2 feet tall. It is found scattered throughout the state in waste places, along roadsides, and in cultivated areas. 12. BLACK SAMPSON This rather sinister-sounding name is applied to one of our more attractive composites. The long, linear leaves are chiefly basal in position and are covered with coarse rough hairs. The terminal head of flowers consists of a central cone or mound of brownish-colored disk flowers and a marginal array of purplish-colored ray flowers. This stately perennial is found in prairies and meadows nearly throughout the state. The Indians used the roots of this plant for medicinal purposes, and even today certain tinctures are still prepared from the black Sampson. l.. 13. DAYFLO\\' EH The chl\-flo\\-er belonp's to the . 0 same famil: - as the familiar spiderwort of earh- spring and the com mon house plarlL ZC;briila or wand 12 ering Jew. It is found in waste places, along roadsides and alley ways and seems to prefer partial shade. The small, rather inconspic uous flowers are actually quite at tractive upon close examination. Of the 3 petals, the 2 upper ones are colored blue and the lower white. Not a native of the United States, since its home is in Asia, the day flower is found scattered through out the eastern third of Kansas. 14. PRICKLY POppy An attractive, yet formidable, species, the prickly POPP)' is found throughout central and western Kansas in pastures and waste places. Its flower is large and showy, bear ing 5 rather flimsy white petals. The center bears a conspicuous cone of bright yellow stamens. Al though one may be tempted to gather the flowers for a bouquet, this thought is quickly discouraged by the very sharp prickles which cover both leaves and stem. Like other members of the poppy family, it has a sticky juice or latex. 15. ERIOGONUM This plant is found throughout central and western Kansas and is very drought resistant, a charac·· teristic imparted by its deep tap root system, sparse foliage, and whitish pubescence on both stems and leaves. In one species the flow ers are greenish-yellow, in another they are white. In either case, how eve;', thev are very small and un attractiv~. The spi'eading inflores cences at the top of the plant give it a somewhat flat-topped appear·· ance, hence the sometimes-used common name of "umbrella plant." 16. WILD ROSE Certainly here we have a plant that could scarcely be mistaken for any other kind. Although we have a number of different species in Kansas, everyone can recognize them as roses. The thorny stems, the compound leaves, the pink 5 petaled flower with many stamens, and the bright red fruit are all dis tinctive characteristics. The fruits, or "hips" as they are called, are ed ible and are readily eaten by birds and mammals. Wild roses are found throughout the entire state and cer tain of the species are amazingly drough t -resistan t. 17. PITCHER CLEMATIS Of the many different kinds of vines that one is likely to encounter growing on and along roadside fences in eastern Kansas, the pitcher clematis is one of the most common. It is readily identified by its com pound leaves (3 to 9 leaflets) and urn-shaped, brownish-purple flow ers borne singly on the ends of long flower stalks. This vine might very \,,"ell make a handsome addition to the garden and is readily propa gated by seed. It does require, how ever, a deep, rich soil. Incidentally this flower has no petals, the deep bro\vnish-purple color being im parted by the sepals alone. 18. JIMSON WEED A familiar weed around barn yards and feed lots in the eastern half of Kansas, the Jimson weed is one of our largest annual species, attaining a height of up to 5 feet by the end of the growing season. It is eaSily recognized by its thick greenish or purp1ish stems, coarsely 14 toothed leaves, and large, trumpet like flowers. The white or violet colored flowers open in the evening and emit a rather sweet odor which attracts night-flying moths. The en tire plant is poisonous to animals, including man. 19. PUNCTURE VINE The puncture vine is one of our most familiar, and occasionallv painful, weeds. A prostrate pLu{t which creeps along the surface of the ground, it will frequently form a very dense mat in waste places and along roadsides. Its fruit is its most conspicuous feature, as many a barefoot boy can testify, being sharply angled and armed with short pointed spines. The flowers borne from July through September are small with 5 separate yellow petals. Puncture vine has opposite, compound leaves consisting of 10 to 14 leaflets. Unfortunately this plant is disseminated rather' eaSily and is rapidly becoming a pest in many parts of our country. 20. YUCCA This is a plant familiar to prac tically everyone in central and western Kansas. The large rosette Of bayonet-like, evergreen leaves is a very distinctive feature. In late May and June the inflorescence b earing large, white cup-shaped flowers is produced. The life his tory of Yucca, or soapweed as it is sometimes called, is very unusual, since pollination and resiIltant pro duction of seeds is dependent en tirely upon one species of moth (see page 5 of the October, 1955, issue of The Kansas School Natuml ·i st). Did you know that the Span ish bayonet and Joshua tree of southwestern United States were also species of Yucca? 2l. CINQUEFOIL We have 11 different species of this plant growing in Kansas, but most of them can be recognized by their yellow, strawberry-like flower, and palmately foliate leaves, the number of leaflets usually being 5. Because of this characteristic cinquefOil is sometimes called "five finger. " They are found chiefly in the eastern half of Kansas growing in meadows and open woods. 22. PRICKLY PEAR (cover picture) Almost everyone knows this plant, our most familiar representa tive of the cactus family . A peren nial and extremely drought-resist ant, the prickly pear is found nearly throughout Kansas, though more common in the western half. The large yellow flowers are very at tractive, a saving characteristic of most cacti. The reddish, cIub shaped fruits are edible and are occasionally made into candy or ielly. The large, succulent so-called leaves are in actualitv modified stems specially adapted for water storage. The true leaves, which are seen only on young shoots, are small and narrow. During periods of ex treme drought when nothing else is available, ranchers in western Kansas will sometimes singe off the spines of growing prickly pears thus making the plants edible for their cattle. The next time vou visit a dry pasture look for a close relative of the prickly pear, the smaller and rarer pin cushion Or ball cactus with reddish or yellOWish flowers. 15 PRESERVING FLO\iVERS School will be out before the flowers listed in this issue are in bloom. Nevertheless, ,ye hope that this issue will aid the teacher and student alike in learning to identify some of our common summer wild flowers. Dming these vacation months, the teacher does many things in preparing for school. A good project would be to identify, collect, press, and mount some of the summer flO\.\,ers for use during the school year. In collecting plants for pressing and mounting, one must remember to get as much of the plant as pos sible. Of course if the plant is large, it is not practical to coHect all of it. In that case, get enough of the root to show its type, enough of the stem and leaves to show their char acteristics, and, of course, be sure to get the flower. To press these plants place them in a folded sheet of newspaper and evenly apply pressure. It is possible to press more than one plant at the same time, but several sheets of papers should be placed between speciments to absorb the moisture. These papers must be changed daily in order to dry the plants quickly, and large roots should be split lengthwise to facilitate drying. Too much heat will brown the plants, so do not place them in an 'oven. The pressure necessary for press ing these plants can be supplied in a number of ways such as using books, rocks, or any other heavy ob ject. A good plant press can easily be constructed from the sides of an apple or orange crate. The plants and their newspapers are placed on one of the boards and then the other board is placed on top. By using a strap at each end of the press, the boards can be drawn tightly to gether, and the plants will be even ly and neatly pressed. The dried plants should be mounted on good stiff white paper. Notebook size is fine, but a larger size is better if it is available. The plants may be glued to the paper or attached with small strips of transparent tape. Mice and insects will eat these dried plants so they should be kept in boxes containing moth balls. It is a good idea to spray the pressed specimens occasionally with a bug bomb. Students will en joy building a collection of pressed plants, and projects such as this will add interest to the school science table. ABOUT THIS ISSUE Most of this issue of The Kansas School Natumlist was prepared by Dr. G. A. Leisman of the E-State Biology Department. The article on preserving flowers was written by Mr. Homer Stephens of the For estry, Fish, and Game Commission. This is the third issue of a series dealing with some of the wild flowers of Kansas. "Fall Wild flowers" (Oct. 1955) , and "Spring Wildflowers" (Feb. 1956), the other two issues of this series, are now out of print and therefore are no longer available. AUDUBON SCREEN TOURS The Biology Department of the Kansas State Teachers College in Emporia will present another Screen Tour Series next year. 16 THE 1958 WORKSHOP IN ANSWERS TO FOOD QUIZ CONSERVATION (page 5) First Section - Three Weeks 1. Lima beans are large seeds. June 2 to June 20, 1958 2. Broccoli actuallv com bines two Credit - three semester hours Graduate or Undergraduate two parts of tbe' plant, the stem soil, grassland, and vvildlife vVater, and many unexpanded flower conservation, with emphasis throughout buds. on conservation education. Such topics ·3. The Irish potao is a tuber or as geography and climate of Kansas, special kind of underground w<lter resources, soil erosion problems and stem. c:ontrol, grass as a resource, bird banding, 4. Sweet potatoes are true roots. wildflowers of Kansas, conservation cJubs, .5. Three cheers if you get this and conservation teaching at various one. A head of cauliflower is levels. Lectures, demonstrations, dis nothing more than a large mass cussion groups, films, slides, models, field trips, projects, and individual and group of undeveloped flowers. reports. Open to any interested person . 6. A celery stalk is a lar.g e and Second Session - Three Weeks fleshv petiole or leaf stalk. June 23 to July 11, 1958 7. Peas' like beans are nothing Credit - 1, 2, or 3 hours for 1, 2, or 3 weeks. more:. than seeds. Graduate or Und ergraduate 8. This is easy. A carrot is, of This section will be devoted to the course, a root. production of teaching aids for con 9. Each head of brussel sprouts servation and to other subjects depend represents a miniature struc ing upon the needs, interests, and ex ture like a cabbage bead. In periences of the participants. Topics either case they are nothing covered last year were lizzards, wildlife more than leafy buds. refuges, roadside nature study, and a 10. One of our 'familiar "vege suggested guide to teaching conserva tables ," the tomato is actually tion in the elementary schools. Some of a fruit. . the materials developed by the 1958 workshop will probably be used in fu If you got more than 7 right, you ture issues of The Kansa.~ School Nafumlr know vour onions ( these are ist. bulbs). Congratulations! Several scholarships, awarded by vari LIGHT AND TIME Everyone has noticed that light comes through a window, but you may not real ize that this light can be used to tell the time of. day. Select a window on the sunny side of the building and paste on the glass a piece of paper abou t the size of a half dollar. See where the shadow of this spot is, on the fiool' or perhaps on the opposite wall. Mark the place where the shadow is at, say 8:30 A. M. Mark it. again at 9:00 A. M. and at intervals for several hOUl·S. Notice next day whether the shadows are a t the same places at the same times. Does this provide you with a clock? Does this sun clock keep pace with the room clock? A record kept through the school year will provide the answers to these and many other questions. ous Soil Conservation Districts and other interested onranizations, are available to people enrolled in the Workshop. Per sons interested in apniyinQ: for a scholar ,hip are ur~ed to contact their local Soil Conservation Service Office. There will also be a limited number of scholarships awarded bv the Emporia State Teachers College. For additional infOlmation and anplication blanks. write C. F. Gladfelter, Kansas State Teachers ColI<.>ge, Emnoria. 'Vorkshops in Conservation will also be conducted at Fort Hays State and Sterling Colle.ge. Persons attending these workshops are also eligible for the Soil Conservation District Scholarships.