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Types of Nutrients Jessica Harwood Douglas Wilkin, Ph.D. Say Thanks to the Authors Click http://www.ck12.org/saythanks (No sign in required) To access a customizable version of this book, as well as other interactive content, visit www.ck12.org AUTHORS Jessica Harwood Douglas Wilkin, Ph.D. EDITOR Douglas Wilkin, Ph.D. CK-12 Foundation is a non-profit organization with a mission to reduce the cost of textbook materials for the K-12 market both in the U.S. and worldwide. Using an open-content, web-based collaborative model termed the FlexBook®, CK-12 intends to pioneer the generation and distribution of high-quality educational content that will serve both as core text as well as provide an adaptive environment for learning, powered through the FlexBook Platform®. Copyright © 2015 CK-12 Foundation, www.ck12.org The names “CK-12” and “CK12” and associated logos and the terms “FlexBook®” and “FlexBook Platform®” (collectively “CK-12 Marks”) are trademarks and service marks of CK-12 Foundation and are protected by federal, state, and international laws. Any form of reproduction of this book in any format or medium, in whole or in sections must include the referral attribution link http://www.ck12.org/saythanks (placed in a visible location) in addition to the following terms. Except as otherwise noted, all CK-12 Content (including CK-12 Curriculum Material) is made available to Users in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial 3.0 Unported (CC BY-NC 3.0) License (http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-nc/3.0/), as amended and updated by Creative Commons from time to time (the “CC License”), which is incorporated herein by this reference. Complete terms can be found at http://www.ck12.org/terms. Printed: January 29, 2015 CONTRIBUTORS Doris Kraus, Ph.D. Niamh Gray-Wilson Jean Brainard, Ph.D. Sarah Johnson Jane Willan Corliss Karasov www.ck12.org C HAPTER • • • • Chapter 1. Types of Nutrients 1 Types of Nutrients Identify sources of nutrients. Identify the roles of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids. Distinguish simple carbohydrates from complex carbohydrates. Distinguish saturated fats from unsaturated fats. What nutrients are in this meal? There are many different nutrients that are present in this meal. For example, the steak is a source of protein. The french fries are a source of carbohydrates. Both these nutrients help supply the body with energy. Nutrients Carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids contain energy. When your body digests food, it breaks down the molecules of these nutrients. This releases the energy so your body can use it. Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are nutrients that include sugars, starches, and fiber. There are two types of carbohydrates: simple and complex. Pictured below are some foods that are good sources of carbohydrates ( Figure 1.1). Simple Carbohydrates Sugars are small, simple carbohydrates that are found in foods such as fruits and milk. The sugar found in fruits is called fructose. The sugar found in milk is called lactose. These sugars are broken down by the body to form glucose (C6 H12 O6 ), the simplest sugar of all. 1 www.ck12.org FIGURE 1.1 Up to the age of 13 years, you need about 130 grams of carbohydrates a day. Most of the carbohydrates should be complex. They are broken down by the body more slowly than simple carbohydrates. Therefore, they provide energy longer and more steadily. Where does glucose come from? Recall that glucose is the product of photosynthesis, so some organisms such as plants are able to make their own glucose. As animals cannot photosynthesize, they must eat to obtain carbohydrates. Through the process of cellular respiration, glucose is converted by cells into energy that is usable by the cell (ATP). Complex Carbohydrates Starch is a large, complex carbohydrate made of thousands of glucose units (monomers) joined together. Starches are found in foods such as vegetables and grains. Starches are broken down by the body into sugars that provide energy. Fiber is another type of large, complex carbohydrate that is partly indigestible. Unlike sugars and starches, fiber does not provide energy. However, it has other important roles in the body. For example, fiber is important for maintaining the health of your gastrointestinal tract. Eating foods high in fiber also helps fill you up without providing too many calories. Most fruits and vegetables are high in fiber. Some examples are pictured below ( Figure 1.2). Proteins Proteins are nutrients made up of smaller molecules called amino acids. Recall that there are 20 different amino acids arranged like "beads on a string" to form proteins. These amino acid chains then fold up into a threedimensional molecule, giving the protein a specific function. Proteins have several important roles in the body. For example, proteins make up antibodies, muscle fibers and enzymes that help control cell and body processes. You need to make sure you have enough protein in your diet to obtain the necessary amino acids to make your proteins. 2 www.ck12.org Chapter 1. Types of Nutrients FIGURE 1.2 Between the ages of 9 and 13 years, girls need about 26 grams of fiber per day, and boys need about 31 grams of fiber per day. If you eat more than you need for these purposes, the extra protein is used for energy. The image below shows how many grams of protein you need each day ( Figure 1.3). It also shows some foods that are good sources of protein. Lipids Lipids are nutrients, such as fats that store energy. Lipids also have several other roles in the body. For example, lipids protect nerves and make up the membranes that surround cells. Fats are one type of lipid. Stored fat gives your body energy to use for later. It’s like having money in a savings account: it’s there in case you need it. Stored fat also cushions and protects internal organs. In addition, it insulates the body. It helps keep you warm in cold weather. 3 www.ck12.org FIGURE 1.3 Between the ages of 9 and 13 years, you need about 34 grams of proteins a day. Seafood and eggs are other good sources of protein. There are two main types of fats, saturated and unsaturated. 1. Saturated fats can be unhealthy, even in very small amounts. They are found mainly in animal foods, such as meats, whole milk, and eggs. So even though these foods are good sources of proteins, they should be eaten in limited amounts. Saturated lipids increase cholesterol levels in the blood. Too much cholesterol in the blood 4 www.ck12.org Chapter 1. Types of Nutrients can lead to heart disease. 2. Unsaturated fats are found mainly in plant foods, such as vegetable oil, olive oil, and nuts. Unsaturated lipids are also found in fish, such as salmon. Unsaturated lipids are needed in small amounts for good health. Most lipids in your diet should be unsaturated. Another type of lipid is called trans fat. Trans fats are manufactured and added to certain foods to keep them fresher for longer. Foods that contain trans fats include cakes, cookies, fried foods, and margarine. Eating foods that contain trans fats increases the risk of heart disease. Beginning with Denmark in 2003, many nations now limit the amount of trans fat that can be in food products or ban these products all together. On January 1, 2008, Calgary became the first city in Canada to ban trans fats from restaurants and fast food chains. Beginning in 2010, California banned trans fats from restaurant products, and in 2011, from all retail baked goods. Summary • Carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids provide energy and have other important roles in the body. • Unsaturated fats are better for your health than trans fats or saturated fats. Explore More Use the resource below to answer the questions that follow. • Nutrients Your Body Needs at http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/body/nutrients-body-needs.html 1. What does your body use iodine for? What are good sources of iodine? What are some of the problems of iodine deficiency? 2. What does your body use magnesium for? What are good sources of magnesium? What problems come from magnesium deficiency? 3. What does your body use riboflavin for? What are good sources of riboflavin? What can happen if your diet is deficient in riboflavin? Review 1. 2. 3. 4. Which nutrients can be used for energy? What is starch? Why is it important that you get enough proteins in foods? What foods contain saturated fats? How much of these foods should you eat? Why? References 1. Apple: Olle Svensson; Bread: Stacy Spensley; Squash: Pamela Carls. Until the age of 13, you need about 130 grams of preferably complex carbohydrates a day . CC BY 2.0 2. Broccoli: Liz West; Peas: Kari Söderholm; Pears: Richard North; Avocado: Jaanus Silla. Fiber is an impo rtant part of a healthy diet . CC BY 2.0 3. Milk: Mark Skipper; Chicken: Flickr:TheCulinaryGeek; Beans: U.S. Department of Agriculture. Milk, ch icken, beans, seafood, and eggs are good sources of protein . Milk, Chicken: CC BY 2.0; Beans: Public Domain 5