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Advanced 1
Additional Grammar
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Grammar in Advanced 1
Unit 1
Cultural Differences
Clauses Of Result
So…that / Such…that
So–that vs. Such–that
So [Adverb / Adjective] That
So is paired with that + a clause to express emphasis.
So, a degree adverb, modifies or intensifies an
adjective or adverb in the main clause.This expression
is followed by a subordinated clause (that + clause)
which expresses a surprising or remarkable effect.
(Note that may be omitted, and very cannot be used
in place of so.)
Cause
Effect
The meteor storm passed
so quickly
that it went by in one
week.
The meteor storm was so
beautiful
that we watched it all
night.
Such Adjective Noun That
Such is part of an adjective phrase [such + (determiner)
+ adjective] which modifies a noun phrase. This
expression is followed by a subordinated clause (that
So–that vs. Such–that
+ clause) which expresses a surprising or remarkable
effect. (Such is one of the few adjectives that occurs
before the article of the noun.)
Cause
It was [such a beautiful]
meteor storm
It was such a quick
meteor storm
Effect
that we watched it all
night.
that it passed by in one
week.
So – Emphasis vs. Effect
Intensifier
In the examples below, so modifies or intensifies an adjective or adverb in
the cause-clause. And that follows in the effect-clause with a remarkable or
extraordinary comment.
Event with emphasis
The meteor storm was
so beautiful
Remarkable effect
The meteor storm was
so beautiful
that we watched it all
night. (remarkable)
that we couldn’t believe
our eyes.
that we called everyone
out to see it.
that we shouted “ooow”
and “awww”.
that we wished it would
never end.
Preposition
In the examples below, so is also a connective adverb complemented by a clause that
expresses the logical effect or result (to the action in the main clause.)
Cause (no emphasis)
Effect/Result
We heard about the
Perseid meteors,
so we watched the sky
for them.
We became hungry,
so we went inside.
I saw a falling star,
so I made a wish.
So Much vs. Such
So much/many
Such
Use so much or so many to place emphasis Use such to place emphasis on the quality
on the quantity of the object-noun in the of the modifier to the object-noun in the
cause-clause.
cause-clause.
Emphasis on quantity
Emphasis on quality
We will learn so much interesting We will learn such interesting information
information that it will take years to process that we will want to read more.
(such – adjective + noncount noun)
it.
(so much – adjective + noncount
We’ll see such beautiful stars that we’ll be
noun)
amazed.
We will see so many beautiful stars that it
(such – adjective + count noun)
will be hard to count them.
(so many – adjective + count noun)
Unit 2
Life in the City
More future tenses: future perfect
The future perfect tense is formed with will have + past participle, as in, “I will have
left by tomorrow” or “They will have been friends for a long time.” The form stays the
same no matter what subject you use.
We use the future perfect tense to talk about an action that will be completed sometime
in the future. Usually this action will be completed before something else happens or by a
certain time in the future. For example, we can say, “I will have graduated by the time I
turn 18.” This means that I will turn 18 in the future, and at some point before then, I will
graduate in the future.
Here are some more examples of sentences using
the future perfect tense:
He will have left by the time you get to his house.
Will you have finished eating dinner by the time I arrive?
We will have been married for one year in October.
Clarissa won’t have finished getting her hair done by noon.
Unit 3
Dangerous Sports
More Infinitives: other uses
An infinitive is a phrase, consisting of the word to and the basic form of a verb, that
functions as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb. Here’s a discussion of the five types of
infinitives.
Subject
An infinitive can constitute the subject of a sentence.
For example, in “To go, even after all that trouble, didn’t seem worthwhile anymore,” “to go”
is the action that drives the sentence.
Direct Object
In the sentence “We all want to see,” “to see” is the direct object, the noun (or noun substitute)
that receives the action of the verb. “To see” refers to a thing being done — or, in this case,
desired to be done: the act of seeing.
Subject Complement
In “My goal is to write,” “to write” is the subject complement. A subject complement looks
just like a direct object, but the difference is in the type of verb preceding it. The verb
in the previous example, want, is a transitive verb. (Transitive verbs have two defining
characteristics: They precede a direct object, and they express an action.)
In “My goal is to write,” the verb is a copular, or linking, verb — one that links a subject
to a word or phrase that complements it. (In this sentence, “to write” is the goal, so it’s the
complement of goal. Note that in the previous example, “to see” is what those referred to as
we want, but it’s not the complement of we.)
Adjective
In “She didn’t have permission to go,” “to go” modifies permission — it describes what type
of permission is being discussed — so the phrase serves as an adjective.
Adverb
In “He took the psychology class to try to understand human behavior,” “to understand (human
behavior)” explains why the taking of the class occurred, so it’s an adverb modifying the
verb took.
Unit 4
Complaints
More future tenses: future progressive
Quick examples
Basic form
Subject + WILL + BE + Verb
(continuous form)
Tomorrow at this time, I will be taking my
English langauge exam.
Ben won’t be eating the dinner now. He
usually eats it around noon!
Will you be comingto the party tonight?
We mainly use the Future
Continuous to indicate that
we will be in the middle
of doing something in a
specified time in the future.
There are also two other
uses, listed below:
Use
Good to know
If you want to learn about somebody’s intentions, you should always use the
Future Continuous rather than the Present Simple. Using the Future Simple
implies that you want to influence somebody’s decision. Questions become
much more objective if formed in the Future Continuous.
Compare:
Will you come home? (= I want you to come home)
Will you be coming home? (= I just want to know)
Use 1: Future actions in progress
The first use of the Future Continuous is to express future action in
progress.
In an hour, I will be sitting in front of my TV.
In the evening, I will be baking a birthday cake.
Use 2: Guesses
Use this tense also to make guesses about something in the present or
future.
He won’t be coming any time soon. He is still at the office.
Beatrice will be getting married very soon.
Use 3: Questions
And the last use of the tense is to make polite questions about
something or somebody.
Will you be coming home before or after 10 PM?
Will you be goingto the supermarket? I have something to buy.
Unit 5
Business Strategies
More infinitives: perfect infinitive
I am glad to have found my soul mate.
(= I am glad that I have found my soul
mate.)
The structure ‘have + past
participle’ is called a perfect
infinitive. Perfect infinitives can
have the same kind of meaning
as perfect or past tenses.
She was sorry to have missed the show. (= She was sorry that she had missed the
show.)
I hope to have finished the job by next Monday. (= I hope that I will have
finished the job by next Monday.)
She seems to have quit the job. (= It seems that she has quit the job.)
Unreal past situations
She was to have returned
yesterday, but she fell ill.
I meant to have posted the letter,
but I forgot. (I did not post the
letter.)
The perfect infinitive is often
used after verbs like mean, be,
would like etc., to talk about
unreal past situations.
After modals
The perfect infinitive is also used
after the modal verbs could,
might, ought, should, would
and needn’t to refer to unreal
situations.
You should have telephoned – I was getting
worried. (The person didn’t phone.)
She needn’t have come. (She came.)
I would have gone on a vacation if I had had more money. (I didn’t go.)
Notes
Note that the structure modal
verb + perfect infinitive does
not always refer to unreal
past conditions. It can also be
used to express certainty or
possibility.
She should have arrived by now. (=It is possible that
she has arrived by now.)
Unit 6
Communication
PHRASAL VERBS
Phrasal verbs are usually two-word phrases consisting of
verb + adverb or verb + preposition. Think of them as you
would any other English vocabulary. Study them as you
come across them, rather than trying to memorize many
at once. Use the list below as a reference guide when you
find an expression that you don’t recognize. The example
sentences will help you understand the meanings. If you
think of each phrasal verb as a separate verb with a specific
meaning, you will be able to remember it more easily. Like
many other verbs, phrasal verbs often have more than one
meaning.
phrasal verb
meaning
chip in
help
fill something in
to write information in
blanks, as on a form
look out
throw something away
be careful, vigilant, and
take notice
dispose of
wear off
fade away
work something out
make a calculation
ask someone out
invite on a date
example sentence
Brian asked Judy out to
dinner and a movie.
If everyone chips in
we can get the kitchen
painted by noon.
Please fill in the form
with your name, address,
and phone number.
Look out! That car’s
going to hit you!
We threw our old
furniture away when we
won the lottery.
Most of my make-up
wore off before I got to
the party.
We have to work out the
total cost before we buy
the house.
Unit 7
Medical Issues
MORE INFINITIVES
Recognize
an
infinitive when
you see one.
To sneeze, to smash, to cry, to shriek, to jump, to dunk, to read, to eat, to slurp—all of
these are infinitives. An infinitive will almost always begin with to followed by the simple
form of the verb, like this:
To + Verb = Infinitive
Important Note: Because an infinitive is not a verb, you cannot
add s, es, ed, or ing to the end.
Ever!
Infinitives can be used as nouns, adjectives,
or adverbs. Look at these examples:
To sleep is the only thing Eli wants after his double
shift waiting tables at the neighborhood café.
To sleep functions as a noun because it is the subject
of the sentence.
No matter how fascinating the biology dissection is,
Emanuel turns his head and refuses to look.
To look functions as a noun because it is the direct
object for the verb refuses.
Wherever Melissa goes, she always brings a book to
read in case conversation lags or she has a long wait.
To read functions as an adjective because it modifies
book.
An infinitive will almost always begin with to.
Exceptions do occur, however. An infinitive
will lose its to when it follows certain verbs.
These verbs are feel, hear, help, let, make, see,
and watch.
Recognize an infinitive
even when it is missing
the to.
The pattern looks like this:
Special Verb +
Direct Object +
Infinitive - to
Here are some examples:
As soon as Theodore felt the rain splatter on his hot, dusty skin, he knew that
he had a good excuse to return the lawn mower to the garage.
Felt = special verb; rain = direct object; splatter = infinitive minus the to.
When Danny heard the alarm clock buzz, he slapped the snooze button and
burrowed under the covers for ten more minutes of sleep.
Heard = special verb; alarm clock = direct object; buzz = infinitive minus the
to.
Although Dr. Ribley spent an extra class period helping us understand logarithms, we still bombed the test.
Helping = special verb; us = direct object; understand = infinitive minus the
to.