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Basic Parts of Speech Monday Daily Grammar Practice Notes It’s Monday…where do I begin? Abbreviations for Monday So, you’re staring at the sentence and wondering what to label first. Try following these steps: 1. Label any nouns (are they common, proper, or possessive?). 2. Label any pronouns (see pronoun section for types and cases). 3. Label any adjectives (you know, those words describing the nouns and pronouns, including articles). 4. Label any verbs (see verb section for types, and don’t forget about tense). 5. Label any adverbs (they describe the verbs, adjectives, and even other adverbs). 6. What’s left? Prepositions? Conjunctions? Interjections? Need more details? ok ! Lo id e s in n – common noun N – proper noun poss n – possessive noun per – personal pronoun nom – nominative obj – objective poss – possessive ref pron – reflexive pronoun rp – relative pronoun ind pron – indefinite pronoun int pron – interrogative pronoun dem pron – demonstrative pronoun adj – adjective art – article av – action verb lv – linking verb hv – helping verb Tenses – past (past), present (pres), and future (f) adv – adverb prep – preposition cc – coordinating conjunction sc – subordinating conjunction cor conj – correlative conjunction int - interjection Pronoun – takes the place of a noun Pe rso na l pro n ou n s – refers to a particular person, place, or thing 1st person pronouns—having to do with “ me ” (I, me, mine, we, us, our, ours) 2nd person—having to do with “ you ” (you, your, yours) 3rd person—having to do with “everyone else” (he, she, it, him, her, his, hers, its, they, them, their, theirs) Re fl exi ve p ro n ou n – ends in –self or –selves and refers back to a noun or pronoun in the sentence (myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves) Ex. John bakes all the bread himself. Re lativ e pro no u ns - start dependent clauses; relate them to the rest of a sentence (that, which, who, whom, whose) In te rro gati ve pro n ou n s - Ask a question (Which? Whose? What? Whom? Who?) De mo n strative p ron o un s - Demonstrate which one (this, that, these, those) Plura l Singula r In de f in ite pro n ou ns - do not refer to a specific person, place, or thing Examples: each, either, neither, few, some, all, most, several, many, none, one, someone, no one, everyone, anyone, somebody, nobody, everybody, anybody, more, much, another, other, any, etc. Nomina tiv e O bjective Possessiv e I, yo u, he , she, it me , you, him, her , it my, your, his, her, its, mine , yours we, you, they U s, you, them our, your, their , ours, yours, their s Noun – a person, place, thing, or idea Common noun - names a general noun and begins with lowercase letter (Examples: cow, city, desk, happiness) Proper noun - names a specific noun and begins with a capital letter (Examples: Pennsylvania, Mrs. Brown, Apple Inc.) Possessive noun – a noun which shows ownership (Examples: d og’s, Mind y’s, boys’, Mrs. Evans’s) Personal Pronouns - Case? Case shows the relationship o f the pronoun to the rest of the sentence. Nominative case: is a pronoun used as a subject Possessive case: is a pronoun that shows ownership Objective case: is a pronoun used as a direct or indirect object, object of a preposition, or appositive 2 Mo d if ier s! Adjectives add description, right? But look what happens when you add some ADJECTIVES! Adverb – word that modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb; answers: How? When? Where? or To what extent? Hey! Look at all this food! Adjective – word that modifies a noun or pronoun; answers: Which one? What kind? or How many? Yes, they modify, or describe, nouns. They answer the questions, WHICH ONE? WHAT KIND? and HOW MANY? Yes, they modify, or describe, nouns. They answer the questions, WHICH ONE? WHAT KIND? and HOW MANY? Tall dog Dirty dog Mean dog And what a great way to start talking about adverbs! But look what happens when you add some ADJECTIVES! And possessive nouns can be adjectives too! This dog is TINY. This is Joe’s dog. es ectiv j d a cate icate P r e d i in the pred rb ve d Prop -Foun s a linking e e w h o t l Prope r a d j e c t o t -Fol k c e a c i sb ten used r noun be v e s -Refer of the sen in a ct *Cap s an adje g subje ctive italize adjec only t t he Mexic ive (Ex. a n fo Span ish m od, usic) n riso a p un C o m ce, fun r, more f n f o i u r e e s pretty, n tier, nice t, most f g e D pret nices tive = Posi arative = rettiest, p p A rt ic le s a re Com lative = r e A d je c ti v e s Sup a, an, the Adverb tips: ~often end in –ly ~very, not, & never are always adverbs 3 Verbs - Action, Linking, & Helping VERB – words that show action o r help to make a statement Action verb - shows action Example: She wrote a note. Sarah smelled the flower. Linking verb - links two words together Commonly used linking verbs: am, is, was, were, be, being, been, appear, become, feel, grow, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste Examples: Jenn is a cheerleader. *”is” links subject (Jenn) to the predicate nominative (cheerleader) *Lin calle king ve r whe d state bs can link n nothi -of -bein also be ed. ng i s be g verbs ing We a re at o Ba s ur s ic se c ho * Sh ol. n t ows ence : We a st ate a of e re. xiste nce The flower smells nice. *”smells” links subject (flower) to predicate adjective (nice) Verb Tenses 3 Basic Tenses: past – happened previously (jumped, ran, fell) present - happening now (jump, run, fall) future – will happen in the future (will jump, will run, will fall) The dog smells the flower. *BE CAREFUL - smells is an action verb in this sentence Regular vs. Irregular Helping verb - a verb that combines with another verb in a verb phrase Commonly used helping verbs: am, is, was, were, be, being, been, will, would, can, could, shall, should, may, might, must, have, has, had, do, does, did, ought Examples: hv hv av We have been taking notes all day. *have and been are helping; taking is main verb hv lv She will be cold without a jacket. *will is helping; be is main verb If a ve rb ph ra se h a s fo u r v er bs, the f ir st thr ee a re h el ping. If it ha s th re e, th e f ir st two a re h e lpi ng, e tc. 4 Regular = ad d –ed to past tense jump = jumped hop = hopped Irregular = changes form run = ran teach = taught Interjections, Conjunctions, & Prepositions IN TERJECTION - an exclamatory word that has no direct relationship to any othe r word in the sentence but modifies the se nt ence as a whole. * It can b e fo ll ow ed b y an ex clamati on ma rk or by a c omma. Wo w! That was ama zin g. Wo w, th at was a mazin g. CONJUNCTION - joins words, phrases, and clauses Coordinating conjunction – connects words, phrases, and clauses of equal rank FANBOYS – for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so We want soda o r ice cream. (joins words) I cleaned in the house an d on the deck. (joins phrases) She ran home so he walked to the store. (joins clauses) Subordinating conjunction - starts dependent clauses (and therefore must be followed by a subject and verb) Examples: after, since, before, while, because, although, so that, if, when, whenever, as, even though, until, unless, as if, etc. I want to play ball u nti l it gets dark tonight/ Tom will travel to Europe if his parents allow it. PREPOSITION - shows a relatio nship betwe en a no un or pronoun and some othe r word in the sentence; it alway s begins prepositional phrases and takes an object of the preposition (OP) Commonly Used Prepositions: aboard, about, above, across, after, against, along, amid, among, around, at, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, by, down, during, except, for, from, in, inside, into, near, of, off, on, onto, outside, over, past, per, plus, regarding, since, than, through, to, toward, under, underneath, until, up, upon, with, within, without OP We went (to school). prep OP We went (up the stairs). prep *Sometimes the dependent clause comes first, so the sentence actually starts with the subordinating conjunction. It i s stil l b ei ng use d to jo in th e two id ea s. Wh e ne ve r we lose, I practice more the next day. Sin ce I like eggs, I love to cook breakfast. Correlative conjunctions - Work in pairs Examples: both/and, neither/nor, either/or, not only/but also B oth Sheila an d I are going to the dance. Examples -