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BIOENERGY WITH CARBON CAPTURE AND STORAGE Bioenergy’s Negative Emission Potential Biomass energy production systems with carbon capture and storage (BECCS or bio-CCS) systems hold vast potential to remove CO2 from the atmosphere while producing fuels and/or electricity. Bioenergy + CCS systems harness the power of photosynthesis to trap CO2 from the air in biomass; when that biomass is processed to produce energy, the CO2 released during that process can be captured and stored in underground geologic formations or in carbon-sequestering building materials, resulting in a net-negative carbon footprint. Despite their enormous potential for carbon removal, bioenergy + CCS projects face numerous challenges around cost, sustainability, and land use concerns, and only a handful have been deployed across the world to date. This fact sheet explains what bioenergy + CCS is, and explores the opportunities and challenges facing this potentially imperative climate solution. ABOUT US The Center for Carbon Removal is a non-profit initiative of the Berkeley Energy & Climate Institute. We are dedicated to curtailing climate change by igniting action to develop and implement strategies for removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere by: Conducting research and analysis to highlight opportunities and address challenges surrounding carbon removal solutions. Curating a comprehensive online hub for high quality information and discussion about carbon removal. Hosting events that engage public, private, and civil sector organizations to accelerate the development of carbon removal solutions. BECCS BECCS: A SUITE OF TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS The term “bioenergy with carbon capture and storage” does not actually represent a single technology, but rather a suite of possible pathways to create carbon-negative energy products (like fuels or electricity) through different biomass feedstocks and production processes. BIOMASS FEEDSTOCK PRIMARY ENERGY PRODUCTION PROCESS Dedicated: FERMENTATION* CO2 separation GASIFICATION Water-gas shift CO2 separation and pre-combustion CO2 capture Algae High-yield grasses Purpose grown trees Wastes: { CO2 CAPTURE OXYFUEL* SECONDARY ENERGY PRODUCTION PROCESS Fischer-Tropsch or other process OUTPUT FUELS Combustion CO2 separation ELECTRICITY + HEAT Forest product residues Agriculture residues Municipal solid waste COMBUSTION Post-combustion CO2 capture (10%-15% from from flue gas) *Oxfuel combustion and fermentation are depicted with only a separation step because each process produces an almost pure CO2 stream as a waste product. CLIMATE MODELS: BECCS CRITICAL TO MEET COP21 TARGETS Bioenergy + CCS is already widespread in climate models and is used most notably by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). In fact, the IPCC’s climate modeling scenarios “typically rely on the availability and widespread deployment of [bioenergy with carbon capture and storage] and afforestation in the second half of the century” to stabilize temperatures below 2°C.1 Of the 116 IPCC scenarios consistent with >66% probability of limiting warming below 2°C, 87% include large scale carbon removal via BECCS by the second half of the century.2 Large-scale and Near Term: Representative 2°C scenarios used in IPCC models assume that up to 25 GW of bioenergy + CCS will be deployed annually by 2040—an amount equivalent to building 50 average-sized coal plants per year — requiring trillions in total capital investment by mid-century.3 1. Summary for Policymakers—Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change.” Assessment Report 5, Working Group 3. Page 12. 2. Smith, Peter et al. (2015). “Biophysical and economic limits to negative CO2 emissions” Nature Climate Change. 3. Sanchez, Daniel L. (2015). “Design, Deployment, and Commercialization of Carbon-Negative Energy Systems.” Ph.D Dissertation, University of California, Berkeley. BECCS BUILT ON EXISTING ENERGY TECHNOLOGY Bioenergy + CCS overlaps with traditional bioenergy and fossil CCS systems, but has the potential to provide carbon negative electricity and fuels. BIOENERGY FOSSIL ENERGY Bioenergy + CCS WITH CCS Fossil + CCS = = Carbon extracted from the ground in the form of coal, oil, or gas with a large fraction of carbon captured during energy production and sequestered geologically. Yields low/no carbon electricity/fuels. WITHOUT CCS Traditional Fossil Energy Carbon absorbed by plant during photosynthesis with few emissions during production with a large fraction of carbon captured during energy production and sequestered geologically. Yields carbon negative electricity/fuels. Traditional Bioenergy = = Carbon extracted from the ground in the form of coal, oil, or gas and emitted into the air during combustion. Yields high carbon electricity/fuels. Carbon absorbed by plant during photosynthesis with few emissions during production and carbon emitted into air during combustion. Yields low/no carbon electricity/fuels. BECCS IN ACTION To co-fire or not to co-fire? “Partial” bioenergy + CCS systems can be built by co-firing fossil fuels and biomass at the same CCS facility. Because traditional biomass plants require extensive biomass transport and thus can suffer from diseconomies of scale, co-firing allows for larger power plants and greater economies of scale for CO2 capture. Yet, co-firing biomass with fossil fuels does mean fewer CO2 reductions. About 40% biomass feedstock is needed to produce net-negative emissions. One of the first bioenergy + CCS facilities resides in Decatur, Illinois, USA. The project was developed by Archer Daniels Midland and at full scale will capture and sequester about one million tonnes of CO2 annually. The plant captures CO2 during the fermentation process to create corn-based ethanol. The project is undergoing a robust measurement and verification process with funding from the U.S. Department of Energy. Pictured: CO2 injection site for ADM facility. Source: MGSC BECCS BECCS CHALLENGES COSTS While bioenergy + CCS plays an important role in climate models today, it has yet to be deployed at meaningful scale. In order to do so, the technology must address a significant challenges, including costs, sustainability, nascent business and regulatory models, and public acceptance. Bioenergy + CCS systems tend be slightly more expensive than similar energy production technologies on $/ton CO2 avoided/captured and on $/kW of electricity scales. $/ton CO2 Bioelectricity (single unit Biomass BFB) Fossil Energy + CCS (single unit IGCC + CCS) Bioelectricity + CCS Swift action to address these uncertainties is imperative to the success of bioenergy + CCS technology. Because few bioenergy + CCS projects exist today, increased funding and regulatory support are critical for its potential to be realized. (single unit Biomass BFB) $52 $60 $100 These numbers may vary based on varying bioenergy feedstock prices, energy production processes, and capture technology. Cost numbers sourced from the following reports: National Academies of Sciences: Climate Intervention; EIA: Updated Capital Cost Estimates for Utility Scale Electricity Generating Plants; Amanda D. Cueller: Plant Power - The cost of using biomass for power generation and potential for decreased greenhouse gas emissions. EXTERNAL RESOURCES five BECCS “must reads” European Biofuels Technology Platform & Zero Emissions Platform. “Biomass with CO2 Capture and Storage (Bio-CCS): The way forward for Europe.” June 2012. The Climate Institue. “Moving Below Zero: Understanding bioenergy with carbon capture and storage.” April 2014. UC Berkeley. “Biomass enables the transition to a carbon-negative power system across western North America.” Daniel L. Sanchez, et. al. In Nature Climate Change. February 2015. UC Berkeley. “A commercialization strategy for carbon-negative energy.” Daniel L. Sanchez and Daniel M. Kammen. In Nature Energy. January 2016. Global Carbon Project. “Betting on Negative Emissions.” Sabine Fuss, et. al. In Nature Climate Change. September 2014. CONTACT US { www.centerforcarbonremoval.org @CarbonRemoval [email protected] (510) 664 - 7153 } CENTER FOR CARBON REMOVAL