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Transcript
first crusaders, who were on their way to fight the 'enemies of God' in the Middle East, saw no difference between the Muslims they were going towards and the Jews whom they met on the way (see Source D). The Peasants' Crusade then reached Asia Minor (near modern-day Turkey) where crusaders robbed villages to support themselves. THE CRUSADES What were the Crusade~? The Crusades is the name given to a number of different wars fought between Christians and non-Christians during the Middle Ages . The main Crusades were fought in the Middle East between European Christians and Turkish Muslims. The Crusades began in 1095 and ended in 1204. They were fought over who controlled the city of Jerusalem. Jerusalem was, and still is, a holy city for both the Christian and Muslim faiths (as well as the Jewish religion). The First Crusade The First Crusade began in 1095 when Pope Urban II called on Christians to go on a pilgrimage where they would fight the Muslims in the Byzantine Empire and go on to take control of the holy city of Jerusalem. This happened for two reasons. First, Christian pilgrims had visited the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem for many years. This Church was believed to be built on the spot where Jesus Christ died. After the Turks took control of Jerusalem in 1071, rumours that they were killing Christian pilgrims began to reach Europe. Second, the Byzantine Emperor, Alexius, asked the Pope for help to fight the Muslims who were threatening his empire . The Arabs did not call these wars the Crusades. Instead they called them The Frankish Invasions or The Frankish Wars. The Arabs called the Europeans the Franj (an Arabic word that came to mean any Westerner) or the Latins . The term 'Crusades' comes from the Latin word crux, meaning cross. When people left for a Crusade they wore the cross, and 'to take the cross' came to mean that a person had decided to go on a Crusade. The Peasants' Crusade The first group to answer the Pope's calls was an unofficial army of crusaders led by a preacher known as Peter the Hermit, who promised his followers that God would show them the way to Jerusalem. Others joined when they heard the preaching of another man, Walter the Penniless. The Peasants' Crusade (sometimes called the People's Crusade) left for Jerusalem in the spring of 1096. On their way to the Holy Land, the group passed through many Jewish communities in Eastern Europe. In most of these towns, the crusaders forced Jews to be baptised as Christians and massacred thousands of Jewish people. There are stories that tell of Jews who took refuge in a synagogue and were locked in by crusaders and burned alive . Some Jews committed suicide rather than fall into the hands of these crusaders. Jewish historians of the time thought that the massacres were being committed as revenge for the crucifixion of Jesus Christ. Western writers of the time also claimed those 154 HEINE MA NN HI STO RY LINK S: A NCIEN T A ND MEDIE VA L QUESTIONS AND ACTIVITIES 1 Read Source A. What did Pope Urban II promise the crusaders? 2 Study this unit and Sources B and C and answer the following: The 'official' crusade A great commotion arose through all the parts of France ... for Pope Urban II began to give ... sermons .. . saying that if anyone wanted to save his soul he would not hesitate to go to the Holy Land. a Compare the two parts of the First The 'official' Crusade was made up of nobles who took up the cross and left for Jerusalem in the autumn of 1096. This Crusade went on to take Jerusalem in 1099. It was successful because the crusaders were well armed and used the tactic of charging on horseback in vety large groups. However, defending the newly won territory proved very difficult. Crusade. Your comparison should include how crusaders were organised; how they fought; how they were disciplined; and what atrocities were committed. b Explain why the Peasants' Crusade failed and why the 'official' Crusade was successful. From the Gesta Francorum, a history of the First Crusade, probably written by someone who took part in the first 'official' crusade. 3 Write a newspaper report on the Peasants' Crusade. Include: a a description of the most important events b an explanation of why the Peasants' Crusade started c interviews with people involved (for example Peter the Hermit, one of his followers, a victim of their attacks on Jewish communities). KEY TERMS • • • • A map of the Middle East showing where the Crusades took place. DID YOU KNOW7 Saladin, leader of the Arab army during the Third Crusade, was famous in Europe as an honourable soldier. One story about him describes how he saw Richard the Lion Heart (leader of the Crusaders) fall off his horse during a battle. Saladin sent his servant with two fresh horses for his enemy to use. Saladin lost the battle. the Crusades holy city pilgrimage pilgrims • Franj • baptised • synagogue A picture of the Frankish victory at Doryaelum in 1097. SOURC I do not know if it was because of ... some delusion in their minds, but the pilgrims rose in a spirit of cruelty against the Jews ... they inflicted a most cruel slaughter on them ... claiming this was the beginning of their journey and the killings would be .. . against the enemies of Christianity .. . they suddenly attacked small bands of Jews, they decapitated many ... they destroyed their homes and synagogues, and divided a great sum of looted money among themselves. From a description by Albert of Aachen. a German chronicler (a Christian writer). written sometime after 11DO. FO RG OD A ND G LO RY 155