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Biology 2121 – Study Sheet – Chapter 7 (Appendicular Skeleton) Pectoral Girdle – Scapulae (1). State the bone and feature of that bone that articulates with the scapulae in the glenoid cavity: ___________________________________________________ (2). The _______________ bone articulates with the acromial end of the ___________. This forms the _______________________joint. (3). What purpose does the coracoid process serve? ___________________________________________ (4). The __________________ notch serves as a nerve passageway. Pectoral Girdle – Clavicles (1). The clavicles are also referred to as the _______________. (2). The ____________ end attaches to a part of the sternum called the _______________. (3). The ______________ end of the clavicle articulates with the part of the scapulae called the _____________. (4). Where do the clavicles usually fracture? _______________________________ Why? __________________________ (5). The clavicles mostly serve to anchor ____________ and for bracing. What does bracing refer to? ________________________ (6). They also transmit _______________ forces from the upper limbs to the axial skeleton. Upper Limb – Humerus (1). The head of the humerus articulates with the ______________ of the scapula. (2). The tubercles are sites of attachment for the _________________ muscles. (3). What is the purpose of the intertubercular sulcus or groove? ________________________________ (4). The __________________ is the attachment site for the large shoulder muscle called the ____________ muscle. (5). Describe what articulates with the following condyles: (a). Capitulum – (b). Trochlea – (6). When the elbow is flexed and extended, the coronoid fossa allows for the ____________________ to move freely, the olecranon fossa allows for the __________________ to move freely and the _____________ fossa receives the head of the radius. Upper Limb – Forearm - Ulna (1). What is the main responsibility or function of the ulna? ___________________________________ (2). The olecranon and coronoid processes are separated by the ___________________ notch. (3). What occurs at the ulnar notch? _______________________________________________________ (4). What attaches to the styloid process? __________________________________________________ Upper Limb – Forearm – Radius (1). What is the function of the radial tuberosity? _________________________________ (2). What is the purpose of the styloid process? ___________________________________ (3). What is a Colle’s fracture? ____________________________________________ Hand (1). How many individual bones are found in the carpus? _____________ What are they called? ______________ (2). What causes Carpal Tunnel Syndrome? _____________________________________________________________ (3). The thumb is metacarpal number ________, the pinky finger is metacarpal number ________. (4). There are _________ individual phalanges bones. Pelvic Girdle - General (1). What is the os coxae? _______________________________________ (2). What are the three major or individual bones of the os coxae? __________________, ______________ and the ________________bones. (3). What large bone part articulates with the acetabulum of the pelvis? __________________________ Pelvic Girdle – Ilium (1). You rest your hands on the _____________________ of the ilium bone. (2). What purpose do the spines of the ilium serve? ___________________________________________ (3). The sciatic nerve passes through the ______________________ notch. (4). The buttock muscles attach to the _____________________________ lines. (5). The roughen surface called the ______________of the pelvis articulates with the ______________ bone forming the sacroiliac joint. Pelvic Girdle – Ischium (1). What is a ramus? _____________________________________ (2). What is the ischial tuberosity? ________________________________________ Pelvic Girdle – Pubis (1). What is the obturator foramen? What purpose does it serve? _______________________________ (2). What type of cartilage is the pubic symphysis made of? _______________ What occurs at the pubic symphysis? ____________ Differences between Male and Female Pelvis (1). Summarize the differences according to the following criteria below (use table 7.4): General Structure Bone Thickness Acetabula Pubic arch or angle Anterior view Male Female (2). Distinguish between the true and false pelvis: ______________________________________________________________ (3). Distinguish between the pelvic inlet and outlet: _____________________________________________________________ Lower Limb – Femur (1). What is the purpose of the fovea capitis? __________________________________________________________ (2). What purpose do the trochanters serve? ___________________________________________________________ (3). On the posterior part of the femur, you find a roughened line called the _______________ and this diverges into the medial and lateral _____________________ lines. These sites serve as points of _______________ attachment. (4). The condyles articulate with the ___________ bone of the lower leg. (5). What is the function of the patella? ___________________________________________________________________ Lower Limb – Tibia (1). The ____________________ allows for the ___________________ patellar ligament to attach. (2). The medial bulge of the ankle is formed by the ___________________. (3). The __________________ notch on the lateral surface helps to form the __________________ joint. Lower Limb – Fibula (1). This part of the fibula forms the lateral ankle buldge: _____________________ (2). The ________________ is the weight bearing bone in the lower leg. Foot – Tarsus, Metatarsus and Phalanges (1). The ______________ is the heel bone, the ___________ articulates with the tibia and fibula (superiorly). (2). The part of the calcaneus that touches the ground is the __________________. (3). The other three bones that make up the tarsus are the _______________, _________________ and ________________. (4). The first metatarsus forms the ____________________ . (5). There are __________ phalanges or toes. The great toe is called the __________ Arch of the Foot (1). Briefly describe how the arch of the foot is formed: (2). What is meant when someone experiences a fallen arch? What are the causes? Development (1). What are the fontanels? ____________________________________________________________ (2). What purpose do they serve? ________________________________________________________ (3). What causes a cleft palate to be formed? __________________________________________________________ (4). By 9 months the cranium is ___________________________________________________________________ (compared to an adult) (5). When does the cranium almost reach the size of an adult? _______________________