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NOTES: Skeletal Organization, continued (Ch 5, part 3) THORACIC CAGE **The thoracic cage includes the ribs, thoracic vertebrae, sternum, and costal cartilages. It supports the pectoral girdle and upper limbs, protects the organs and soft tissues of the thoracic cavity, and functions in breathing. THORACIC CAGE RIBS: • 12 pairs of ribs attach to the 12 thoracic vertebrae • costal cartilages of the TRUE RIBS join the sternum directly; those of the FALSE RIBS join it indirectly or not at all. • a typical rib has: a shaft a head tubercles that articulate with the vertebrae THORACIC CAGE STERNUM: • the sternum consists of a: MANUBRIUM, BODY, and XIPHOID PROCESS • it articulates with the clavicles PECTORAL GIRDLE **The pectoral girdle is composed of two clavicles and two scapulae. It forms an incomplete ring that supports the upper limbs and provides attachments for muscles.** PECTORAL GIRDLE CLAVICLES: • clavicles are rodlike bones located between the manubrium and scapulae • they hold the shoulders in place and provide attachments for muscles. PECTORAL GIRDLE SCAPULAE: • the scapulae are broad, triangular bones • they articulate with the humerus of each upper limb and provide attachments for muscles • prominent features of each scapulae are the: acromion process (forms tip of shoulder) coracoid process (curves toward clavicle) acromion pr. coracoid pr. UPPER LIMB **Bones of the upper limb provide the frameworks and attachments of muscles, and function in levers that move the limb and its parts.** UPPER LIMB HUMERUS: • the humerus extends from the scapula to the elbow • it articulates with the radius and ulna at the elbow RADIUS: • located on the THUMB SIDE of the forearm between the elbow and the wrist • it articulates with the humerus, ulna, and wrist UPPER LIMB ULNA: • the ulna is longer than the radius • it articulates with the radius laterally and with a disc of fibrocartilage inferiorly WRIST and HAND: • wrist is composed of 8 carpal bones (see bone list and bone diagrams/coloring) • the hand includes 5 metacarpal bones and 14 phalanges • each finger has a: proximal, middle, and distal phalanx (except the thumb, which lacks a middle phalanx) PELVIC GIRDLE **The pelvic girdle consists of 2 COXAE that articulate with each other anteriorly and with the SACRUM posteriorly.** PELVIC GIRDLE PELVIS: • the SACRUM, COCCYX, and PELVIC GIRDLE form the bowl-shaped pelvis PELVIC GIRDLE COXAE: • each coxa consists of an ILIUM, ISCHIUM, and PUBIS, which are fused together *ILIUM: -largest portion of the coxa; -joins the sacrum at the sacroiliac joint *ISCHIUM:-lowest portion of the coxa; -supports body weight when sitting *PUBIS: -the anterior portion of the coxa; -the pubic bones are fused anteriorly at the SYMPHISIS PUBIS LOWER LIMB **Bones of the lower limb provide frameworks for the thigh, leg, ankle, and foot.** LOWER LIMB FEMUR: • the femur extends from the hip to the knee • the PATELLA articulates with the femur’s anterior surface LOWER LIMB TIBIA: • located on the medial side of the lower leg • articulates with the TALUS of the ankle FIBULA: • located on the lateral side of the tibia • articulates with the ankle but does not bear body weight LOWER LIMB ANKLE and FOOT: • the ankle and foot consist of the 7 tarsals (see bone list and diagrams/coloring), 5 metatarsals, and 14 phalanges • each toe has a: proximal, middle, and distal phalanx (except the “big toe”, which lacks a middle phalanx)