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Unit 2: Chemistry of Life Vocabulary to Define activation energy caloric value What you should know… Biochemical reactions allow organisms to grow, develop, reproduce, and adapt by breaking down some substances and forming other substances. Energy, as heat or light, can also be given off as a result of biochemical reactions Changes in temperature (gaining or losing heat energy) can affect a chemical reaction. pH (a measure of the acidity of a solution) in most organisms needs to be kept within a very narrow range; a small change in pH can disrupt cell processes. o Buffer: used to regulate pH so that homeostasis can be maintained; found in the organism Catalyst: substance that changes the rate of a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy of a chemical reaction; is not consumed or altered during a chemical reaction, so, it can be used over and over again. o Enzymes: proteins that serve as catalysts in living organisms. o Enzymes are very specific. Each particular enzyme can catalyze only one chemical reaction by working on one particular reactant (substrate). o The structure of enzymes can be altered by temp and pH, so each catalyst works best at a specific temperature and pH. Organic molecules: contain carbon atoms; made of smaller units that bond to form larger molecules; energy is stored in these bonds Proteins: composed of chains of amino acids; same caloric value as carbohydrates ○ Amino acids are molecules that are composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur. ○ Proteins serve as the basis for structures, transport substances, regulate processes, speed up chemical reactions, and control growth. Structural proteins are used for support such as connective tissue and keratin that forms hair and finger nails. Transport proteins transport many substances throughout the body such as hemoglobin which transports oxygen Hormone proteins coordinate body activities such as insulin which regulates blood sugar Contractile proteins help control movement such as proteins in the muscles Enzymatic proteins accelerate the speed of chemical reactions such as digestive enzymes Carbohydrates: sugars and starches; composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; main source of energy for the cell and used to store energy for short periods of time; caloric value of carbs depend on the number of carbon-hydrogen bonds ○ The basic carbohydrates are simple sugars (monosaccharides) such as glucose. ○ Some carbohydrates (such as cellulose) are used as structural material in plants. Lipids: include fats; composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; have more carbon-hydrogen bonds than carbs, so they have a higher caloric value; provide energy when carbs are scarce; can accumulate if carbs are abundant ○ In humans, fats provide long-term energy storage, cushioning of vital organs, and insulation for the body. ○ Also serve as a major component of cell membranes and are one of the raw materials necessary for the production of some vitamins and hormones. 1/18