Download Esponjas calcáreas (clase Calcarea)

Esponjas calcáreas (clase Calcarea)
¿Tienes alguna duda, sugerencia o corrección acerca de este taxón? Envíanosla y con gusto la
atenderemos.
Ver todas las fotos etiquetadas con Calcarea en Banco de Imagénes »
Descripción de EOL Ver en EOL (inglés) →
Fossil species
recent & fossil
General description 1,2
There are about 400 described species of sponges in the Calcarea group.
Distribution 1,2
Calcarea sponges are found throughout the oceans, but are mainly in temperate areas.
Bi ogeograp h i c R egi on s: arctic ocean ; indian ocean; atlantic ocean ; pacific ocean ; mediterranean
sea
Morphology 1,2
Calcarea is the only class with asconoid and syconoid construction. All others have leuconoid
construction. The calcium carbonate spicules are only megascleres, or large structural spicules. Other
groups of sponges have microscleres, which are smaller reinforcing spicules. Most Calcarea are 10 cm
less in height, and are dull in color, although some colorful species are known.
Oth er Ph ysi cal Featu res: ectothermic ; heterothermic
Type information 3
Isotyp e for Cladophora fracta var. calcarea Tilden
Catal og N u mb er: US 56237
Col l ecti on : Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Botany
Prep arati on : Pressed specimen
Col l ector(s): D. Griffiths
Year Col l ected : 1895
Local i ty: Aberdeen., Brown County, South Dakota, United States, North America
Habitat 1,2
Exclusively marine and mainly in temperate regions, Calcarea sponges are usually found in shallower,
sheltered waters less than 1000 m. In tropical regions they are associated with coral reefs.
Hab i tat R egi on s: temperate ; tropical ; saltwater or marine
Aq u ati c Bi omes: benthic ; reef ; coastal
Oth er Hab i tat Featu res: intertidal or littoral
Trophic strategy 1,2
Because of the simple cells that make up sponges, cell types and water currents used by the sponges to
obtain food have been extensively studied. Sponges in general use flagellated cells called choanocyte
cells to create a current. Choanocytes are located in the interior part of the sponge. In the asconoid
structure, the water is drawn in through the ostium (outer pores), goes through the spongocoel or
atrium, and out the osculum (the opening in the top of the sponge). Outer pores are 50 micrometers or
less, so larger particles and animals are not ingested.
As food or particles are moved through the sponges, amoemoid cells surround and engulf it
(pinocytosis and phagocytosis). Particles are caught in the collar part of the choanocyte cells.
Foragi n g Beh avi or: filter-feeding
Pri mary Di et: planktivore ; detritivore
Associations 1,2
Sponges in general may make up a significant portion of the benthic biomass. For example, in
Antarctica, at depths of 100-200 m, 75 per cent of the benthic biomass are sponges.
Ecosystem Imp act: creates habitat
Behaviour 1,2
Sponges will react by closing ostia or oscula, either because of direct physical stimulation or when
suspended particles within the sponge are too large or highly concentrated. However, there are no
known nerve structures. However, some sponges may respond to electrical impulses.
Percep ti on Ch an n el s: chemical ; electric
Life cycle 1,2
Reproduction occurs asexually by budding and sexually. Development of fertilized eggs takes place
within the sponge. The larval stage has outer flagellated cells, often with spicules. The young break out
of the parent's mesohyl, and become free swimming larvae, but not for more than two days.
Sponges have different amoeboid cells in the mesohyl. Acheocytes are large cells with large nuclei.
These cells are totipotent, meaning they can develop into any cell type. Sclerocytes, also in the mesohyl,
accumulate calcium to produce spicules. Three sclerocytes will fuse to form spicules in intercellular
spaces.
Devel op men t - Li fe Cycl e: indeterminate growth
Reproduction 1,2
Most all sponges can reproduce asexually, by regenerating tissues. Sponges also reproduce sexually.
Being hermaphroditic, sperm and eggs can be reproduced, sequentially or at the same time.
Choanocytes give rise to egg and sperm cells, and archaeocyte cells also give rise to egg cells. Sperm
and eggs are released in the water, and most species cross fertilize. Fertilized eggs will develop into
free-swimming larvae.
K ey R ep rod u cti ve Featu res: simultaneous hermaphrodite; sequential hermaphrodite; sexual ;
asexual ; fertilization (External ); viviparous
There is no parental investment beyond release of gametes.
Statistics of barcoding coverage 4
Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLD) Stats
Specimen Records:29
Specimens with Sequences:7
Specimens with Barcodes:7
Species:10
Species With Barcodes:3
Public Records:7
Public Species:1
Public BINs:3
Conservation status 1,2
Sediments effect sponges although they are resistant to hydrocarbons (including detergents) and heavy
metals. Particular species have been overharvested.
Uses 1,2
Sponges have been harvested for centuries by many civilizations. Compounds produced by sponges are
being explored for pharmaceuticals.
Posi ti ve Imp acts: body parts are source of valuable material
References
1. Mulcrone, R. 2005. "Calcarea" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at
http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Calcarea.html
2. © The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors, some rights reserved
3. © Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Botany, some
rights reserved
4. © Barcode of Life Data Systems, some rights reserved