Download I. Hydrocarbons I. Hydrocarbons I. Hydrocarbons I

I. Hydrocarbons
I. Hydrocarbons
1. Organic compound: all carboncontaining compounds with the
primary exceptions of carbon oxides,
carbides, and carbonates
2. Hydrocarbon: organic compound that
contains only carbon and hydrogen
3. Alkane: hydrocarbon that has only
single bonds
4. Write the molecular formulas and structural
formulas for the first ten members of the
alkane series.
5. Homologous series: a series of
compounds that differ from one another by
a repeating unit
6. For alkanes, the relationship between the
numbers of carbon and hydrogen atoms
can be expressed as CnH2n+2.
I. Hydrocarbons
I. Hydrocarbons
7. Branched-chain alkanes must be
named differently than straight-chain
alkanes because they contain
substituent groups, which appear to
substitute for hydrogen atoms in the
parent chain.
I. Hydrocarbons
C. Name the hydrocarbon groups attached to the
parent chain by substituting –yl for –ane. For
example, -CH3 is called methyl, and –CH2CH3 is
called ethyl.
D. If the same substituent group occurs more than
once, use a prefix (di-, tri-, tetra-, etc.) before its
name to indicate how many times it appears.
Use numbers to show where each group is
attached to the parent chain.
E. When different groups are attached to the parent
chain, name the groups in alphabetical order
(ignoring any prefixes).
8. Steps for naming branched-chain alkanes:
A. Determine the name of the longest continuous
chain of carbon atoms. This is called the parent
chain.
B. Number the carbon atoms in the parent chain
from the end that gives the lowest possible set of
numbers to the carbon atoms where branches
occur. (You can add up the numbers assigned to
the atoms where branches occur to see if you
have the lowest possible sum.)
II. Isomers
1. Isomers: Compounds that have the
same chemical formula but different
molecular structures
2. Draw both of the isomers of C4H10.
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III. Alkenes and Alkynes
1. Because carbon has four valence electrons,
it can form up to four covalent bonds.
2. Sometimes carbon forms multiple bonds
with other carbon atoms.
3. Alkene: a hydrocarbon that has at least one
double bond
4. Alkyne: a hydrocarbon that has at least one
triple bond
III. Alkenes and Alkynes
c. If there is more than one double or triple
bond, use a prefix (di, tri, tetra, etc.)
before the suffix –ene or –yne. Indicate
the positions of the bonds before the
name. (2,4-heptadiene)
d. If there are substituents attached to the
parent chain, indicate their position and
alphabetize them when including them in
the name.
IV. Cyclic Alkanes
3. To name substituted cycloalkanes:
A. Count the carbons in the ring and use the
name of the parent cyclic hydrocarbon (e.g.,
cyclohexane)
B. Number the ring, starting from one of the
branches. Find the numbering that gives the
lowest possible set of numbers for the
branches.
C. Name the substituents.
D. Add the prefix to show the number of groups
present (e.g., trimethyl)
III. Alkenes and Alkynes
5. Naming alkenes and alkynes:
a) Find the longest chain of carbons containing a
double or triple bond, and name it using the
alkane name but with the “-ane” ending changed
to “-ene” for alkenes or “-yne” for alkynes.
b) Number the carbons in the parent chain starting
at the end that will give the first carbon in the
double/triple bond the lowest number. Use that
number in the name (e.g., 1-butene).
IV. Cyclic Alkanes
1. Cyclic hydrocarbon: an organic
compound that contains a
hydrocarbon ring
2. Cycloalkanes: cyclic hydrocarbons
that contain only single bonds
IV. Cyclic Alkanes
E. Alphabetize the substituents.
F. Put the name together using the name of the
parent cycloalkane. Use commas to separate
numbers and hyphens between numbers and
words.
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V. Aromatic Hydrocarbons
1. Benzene: a cyclic hydrocarbon that
contains six carbon atoms, six
hydrogen atoms, and electrons that
are shared among all six carbons in
the ring (Draw the structure.)
2. Aromatic Compound: an organic
compound that contains a benzene
ring
V. Aromatic Hydrocarbons
3. Aliphatic Compound: hydrocarbons
such as the alkanes, alkenes, and
alkynes
4. Aromatic hydrocarbons are named
similarly to cyclic alkanes, but their
parent name is benzene.
For example:
2-ethyl-1,4-dimethylbenzene
VI. Polymers
1. Polymer: a large molecule consisting
of many repeating structural units
2. Monomer: a molecule from which a
polymer is made
3. Plastic: a polymer that can be heated
and molded while relatively soft
VII. Functional Groups
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Functional Group: an atom or group of atoms that
always reacts in a certain way
List and draw the 9 functional groups.
Halocarbon: any organic compound that contains
a halogen substituent
Alkyl Halide: an organic compound containing a
halogen atom covalently bonded to an aliphatic
carbon atom
Aryl Halide: an organic compound containing a
halogen atom bonded to a benzene ring or other
aromatic group
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