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Chapter 9 Plants with Seeds I. Structure of seed plants A. Vascular plants 1. Xylem carries water and minerals from roots 2. Phloem carries food throughout plant a. Upward b. Downward B. Have true roots, stems, leaves 1. Roots a. Characteristics 1.) Anchor plant 2.) Absorb water and minerals 3.) Store food b. Two types 1.) Fibrous roots 2.) Taproots c. Structure 1.) Epidermis a.) Have hair like extensions b.) Increase surface area to absorb water and nutrients 2.) Cortex stores food 3.) Root cap a.) Protects tip of root b.) Growth tissue just behind cap d. Uses 1.) Food 2.) Spices 3.) Medicines 4.) Dyes 5.) Insecticides 2. Stems a. Contain transportation system b. Hold leaves up c. Vary in size and shape d. Two types 1.) Herbaceous a.) Green b.) Soft 2.) Woody II. a.) Rigid b.) Strong e. Uses 1.) Food 2.) Medicines 3.) Dyes 4.) Paper 5.) Buildings 3. Leaves a. Vary in size and shape b. Composed of 1.) Stalk 2.) Blade c. Classification 1.) Simple 2.) Compound d. Photosynthesis occurs here e. Structure of leaf 1.) Epidermis a.) Outermost layer b.) Waxy, waterproof 2.) Mesophyll layer a.) Palisade layer b.) Spongy layer 3.) Stoma (stomata) a.) Openings in epidermis b.) Allow carbon dioxide to enter c.) Allow oxygen and water to leave d.) Transpiration, loss of water e.) Surrounded by guard cells f. Uses 1.) Food 2.) Drugs Reproduction in seed plants A. Do not require water to reproduce B. Seed plants encased in structure C. Fertilization 1. Pollination occurs a.) Female structures are ovules b.) Male structures are grains of pollen III. 2. Angiosperms, seeds contained in vessels (ovary) 3. Gymnosperms, seeds not covered D. Seeds 1. Structures a. Seed coat 1.) Tough, protective covering 2.) Develops from ovule wall b. Young plant c. Stored food E. Seed dispersal 1. Wind 2. Humans and animals 3. Water 4. Natural explosion Gymnosperms and angiosperms A. Four phyla of gymnosperms 1. Cycads a. Tropical plants b. Uses cones to reproduce 2. Ginkgoes a. Maidenhair tree b. Reproduce by seeds with bad odor 3. Conifers a. Found worldwide b. Cone-bearers c. Most are evergreens d. Uses 1.) Paper 2.) Lumber for building 3.) Turpentine 4. Gnetophytes a. Have characteristics of gymnosperms and angiosperms b. Include tropical vines B. Angiosperms 1. Largest of plants 2. Produce flowers a. Contain reproductive organs b. Parts of flower 1.) Sepals 2.) Petals IV. 3.) Stamens 4.) Pistils 5.) Stigma 6.) Style 3. Pollination a. Pollen fertilizes egg in ovule b. Ripened ovary (fruit) Patterns of growth A. Annuals 1. Complete life cycle in one growing season 2. Most have herbaceous stems Ex: marigolds, petunias B. Biennials 1. First growing season, sprout and grow roots, stems, leaves 2. Second growing season, produce flowers and seeds Ex: carrots, celery C. Perennials 1. Live for more that two growing seasons 2. Most have woody stems D. Tropisms 1. Response a. Positive b. Negative 2. Stimulus a. Change in environment b. Produces a response 3. Kinds of tropism a. Phototropism b. Gravitropism Name ________________________ Date ________________ Vocabulary Quiz Chapter 9 1. xylem 2. phloem 3. root 4. stem 5. leaf 6. photosynthesis 7. cone 8. flower 9. ovule 10.pollination ____ reproductive structure of a seed plant ____ contains female sex cells of seed plant ____ carries water and minerals through plant ____ transfer of pollen from one part to another ____ anchors the plant and absorbs water, minerals ____ contains reproductive organs of angiosperm ____ photosynthesis occurs here ____ carries food down the plant ____ structure that connects the roots and leaves ____ process, uses energy from sun to make food Name ________________________ Date ________________ Vocabulary Quiz Chapter 9 1. xylem 2. phloem 3. root 4. stem 5. leaf 6. photosynthesis 7. cone 8. flower 9. ovule 10.pollination ____ reproductive structure of a seed plant ____ contains female sex cells of seed plant ____ carries water and minerals through plant ____ transfer of pollen from one part to another ____ anchors the plant and absorbs water, minerals ____ contains reproductive organs of angiosperm ____ photosynthesis occurs here ____ carries food down the plant ____ structure that connects the roots and leaves ____ process, uses energy from sun to make food Name ________________________ Date _____________________ Vocabulary Quiz Chapter 9 1. sepal 2. petal 3. stamen 4. pistil 5. fruit 6. annual 7. biennial 8. perennial 9. tropism 10.leaf ____ plant structure where photosynthesis occurs ____ ripened ovary of an angiosperm ____ encloses flower when still a bud ____ plant that lives for many years ____ male reproductive organ in flowers ____ movement toward or away from a stimulus ____ completes life cycle in one growing season ____ female reproductive organ in flowers ____ completes life cycle in two years ____ colorful leaflike structure Name ________________________ Date _____________________ Vocabulary Quiz Chapter 9 1. sepal 2. petal 3. stamen 4. pistil 5. fruit 6. annual 7. biennial 8. perennial 9. tropism 10.leaf ____ plant structure where photosynthesis occurs ____ ripened ovary of an angiosperm ____ encloses flower when still a bud ____ plant that lives for many years ____ male reproductive organ in flowers ____ movement toward or away from a stimulus ____ completes life cycle in one growing season ____ female reproductive organ in flowers ____ completes life cycle in two years ____ colorful leaflike structure