Download Study Guide 8 Memory

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Chapter 8: Memory
Introduction & Studying Memory: Information-processing models (pp. 327-330)
1. Memory:
2. There are three steps of memory (according to information-processing models).
Define the three steps:
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Encoding
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Storage
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Retrieval
3. Parallel Processing:
4. Forming memories is another three-step process:
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Sensory Memory
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Short-term Memory
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Long-term Memory
5. Working Memory (In short-term memory):
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Encoding:
Getting Information In (pp.330-337)
1. Automatic Processing:
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Examples of things you automatically process:
2. Effortful Processing:
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Examples of things you encode through effortful processing:
3. Rehearsal:
4. Who is Hermann Ebbinghaus?
5. What did his experiments reveal about memory?
6. Why is overlearning beneficial?
7. Distributed Practice:
8. Massed Practice:
9. Give an example of how you can apply the spacing effect to your study of AP Psychology.
10. Why does the Serial Position Effect occur? Use the terms recency and primary in your answer:
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Explain this chart and the importance of Crak & Tulving’s memory research:
12. Visual Encoding:
13. Acoustic Encoding:
14. Semantic Encoding:
15. Self-reference Effect:
16. Rosy Retrospection:
17. Mnemonic Device:
18. Describe the Peg-Word memory mnemonic:
19. Chunking:
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Example:
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Storage:
Retaining Information (pp. 337-345)
1. Iconic Memory:
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Example:
2. Echoic Memory:
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Example:
3. What keeps information in Short-Term Memory (STM)?
4. How many things can STM hold?
5. Our capacity for Long-Term Memory (LTM) is essentially ____________________.
Storing Memories in the Brain
1. What did Kandel & Schwartz learn about memory formation while studying the sea slug, Aplysia?
(Note how serotonin and the protein CREB are important.)
2. Long-term Potentiation:
3. Why does the use of Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) – running a electric current through the brain -sometimes lead to memory loss?
4. List one biological reason we tend to recall more easily memories formed when we are stressed or
excited.
5. What brain area is affected when stress is prolonged that impacts memory formation?
6. Flash-bulb Memory:
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Example:
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7. Amnesia:
Fact Check: There are two kinds of amnesia.
Retrograde Amnesia: Forgetting information that was stored BEFORE the accident or injury.
Anterograde Amnesia: Inability to form new memory AFTER an accident or injury.
8. Implicit Memory (Nondeclarative Memory):
9. Explicit Memory (Declarative Memory):
10. The hippocampus is a processing site for your _______________________memories.
11. The cerebellum plays a role in forming and storing your_____________________memories.
12. How does the dual Explicit-Implicit memory system help explain infantile amnesia?
Retrieval:
Getting information OUT (pp. 345-349)
1. Recall:
2. Recognition:
3. Relearning:
4. What’s a Retrieval Cue? Give two examples:
5. What are the best types of retrieval cues?
6. Priming:
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Example from text:
7. Deja-Vu:
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8. State-dependent Memory:
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Example:
9. Mood-congruent Memory:
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Example:
Forgetting:
(pp. 349-356)
1. Give an example of encoding failure.
2. What did Ebbinhaus’ forgetting curve prove about how much time it takes to forget
something?
3. Proactive Interference:
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Example:
4. Retroactive Interference:
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Fact Check:
Example:
PORN
A mnemonic to help you remember the difference between
proactive interference and retroactive interference.
PO Proactive -- OLD information interferes with new information
RN Retroactive -- NEW information interferes with old information
5. Repression:
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Famous psychologist associated with repression:
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Memory Construction (pp. 356-364)
1. Misinformation Effect:
2. Imagination Inflation:
3. Source Amnesia: (Also referred to as Source Misattribution)
4. Describe Elizabeth Loftus’ research on memory:
Improving Memory (pp.364-365)
1. List some suggestions to help you improve your memory while studying. (Just list; no need to
describe.)
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