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Notes – Chapter 14
14.1
Church Reform and the Crusades
 Between 500 and 1000 AD
o Vikings destroyed many monasteries
 Destroyed centers of learning
o Many priests could not read
o Popes had poor morals
o Most bishops cared more about their lordships than worship
Monastic Revival and Church Reform
 1000’s – church reform
o Led by monasteries
o Return to basic principles of religion
o Expanded power of the church
o Age of Faith
Problems in the Church
 3 biggest problems in the Church
o Village priests were marrying – big no no
o Positions in church were sold by bishops – called simony
o Lay investiture put kings in control of bishops
 Reformers believed bishops should be appointed by church
Reforms Begin at Cluny
 Reforms began at
o Benedictine monasteries at Cluny
o Followed Benedictine rule
o Other monasteries followed their lead
 Cistercian – new order of monks
o Strict, based on hardships
 Cluny reforms
o Influenced by papacy – Pope Leo IX
 Laws against simony and marriage of priests
 Gregory VII extended reforms started by Leo
Reform and Church Organization
 1200’s – church was restructured to resemble a kingdom with the pope at its head
 Popes advisors were called – papal curia
o Also acted as the court
o Created Canon Law (law of the church)
 Marriages
 Divorce
 Inheritance
 Church collected taxes – or tithes

o 1/10 of family income
Reformed social services
o Caring for sick and poor
o Took over running of hospitals
Preaching Friars
 Traveling preachers = friars
o Took vows of chastity, poverty and obedience
o Owned nothing
o Survived on begging
 2 important friars
o Dominic – led the Dominicans
o St. Francis of Assisi – led the Franciscans
Religious Orders for Women
 Were allowed to participate in revival
o Could not move around to preach – had to stay put in convents
o Lived in poverty
o Cared for sick and poor
Cathedrals – Cities of God
 Cathedrals were illustration of the church’s wealth
A New Style of Church Architecture
 Between 800-1100 churches were built in Romanesque style
o Arches
o Heavy roof
o Thick walls and pillars
o Small windows that let in little light
 By 1100 – Gothic style
o Not heavy and gloomy
o Cathedrals with vaulted ceilings – 100 ft
o Lots of light
o Included
 Sculpture
 Wood carvings
 Stained glass
o Represented “City of God”
The Crusades
 Muslims threatened Constantinople
o Emperor asked for help from Pope Urban II
o Urban II called for a Holy War (Crusade)
 Hundreds of crusades are eventually launched
 Goal: recover Jerusalem and Holy Land from the Muslim Turks
Causes of the Crusading Spirit
 Economic and religious motives
 Religious
o Outpouring of support
 Lords
 Peasants
 Knights become Crusaders
 Red crosses on tunics
 Yell “God Wills It”
 Few returned from battle
 If died on Crusade were ensured a place in Heaven
 Economic
o Merchants made money by
 Making cash loans to finance crusades
 Leased their ships for hefty price
 Hoped to win key trade routes
The First and Second Crusades
 First Crusade
o Ill prepared
o Did not know geography, climate or culture of Holy Land
o No strategy
o Had not set up a leader
o No supply line
o Gained Edessa and then lost it
 Second Crusade
o Regained Edessa
o Still lost the crusade
 Saladin (a Muslim leader) too Jerusalem
Third and Fourth Crusade
 Third Crusade
o Led by powerful monarchs
 French King – Philip Augustus
 German Emperor – Frederick I (Barbarossa)
 English King – Richard the Lion Hearted
o Barbarossa drowned on the journey
o Philip Augustus argued with Richard, got mad and went home
o Left Richard to battle Saladin for Jerusalem
o After several battles
 They came to a truce
 Muslims would keep control of Jerusalem
 But unarmed Christians could visit the holy places
 Fourth Crusade
o 1198 – Pope Innocent III
 Called for another crusade to regain Jerusalem
 Became about politics


Ended up looting the city of Constantinople
 Thus ending the fourth crusade
There was a split between Constantinople (Church of the east) and Rome (Church of the west)
o Caused by crusades
o Split became permanent
The Crusading Spirit Dwindles
 Crusades became common but unsuccessful
 Spirit of first crusades dimmed
 Became about personal gain
The Later Crusades
 Not to Holy Land
 But to North Africa
 Led by French King Louis IX
o Gained him respect but little land
o Declared a saint
 Children’s Crusade
o Unarmed children marched to Jerusalem
o Believed God would deliver Jerusalem to them
o They either
 Died of cold or starvation
 Drowned at sea
 Turned back
 Sold into slavery
A Spanish Crusade
 Muslims – in Spain called Moors
o Controlled most of Spain until the 1100’s
o Reconquista – long effort by Spain to drive out Muslims
o By 1400, Muslims only held Granada
 But lost it to Ferdinand and Isabella (Spanish monarchs)
 Spain had a large Jewish population
o Held positions of finance, government and medicine
 Many Jews and Muslims converted to Christianity
 Ferdinand and Isabella
o In an attempt to unify country and consolidate power under Christian rule, used the
Inquisition
o Inquisition considered anything but Christian beliefs heresy
 Captured and tortured all who were not Christians
 If they confessed they were then burned at the stake
o Eventually they expel all Jews and Muslims from Spain
The Effects of the Crusades
 Failures lessened power of the pope
 Weakened feudal nobility
 1000’s of knights lost lives and fortunes


Positive side
o Stimulated trade
For Muslims: hatred and prejudice by Christians in the Holy Land left behind a legacy of
problems that still exists today
14.2
Trade, Towns, and Financial Revolution
 Other changes were occurring during the Medieval time period
o Agriculture
o Trade
o Finance
o Towns and cities grew because of increased population
o The University
A Growing Food Supply
 Expanding civilization requires increased food supply
 This requires new ideas and technology in farming
 Began farming cold regions
Using Horsepower
 Had used oxen – cheap to care for but moved slow
 Started using horses – more expensive to care for but their speed at plowing made up for the
cost of care
o Had to use new harness
 Old ones almost strangled them
 New one fit around chest
 With horses they could plow more in a day – so began to clear forests for farmland
The Three Field System
 Started using two-field system
o Used half to farm per year and the other half lay fallow as to not ruin soil nutrients
o Then started using 3-field system
 If had 600 acres
 200 for a winter crop
 200 for a spring crop
 200 remained fallow
 This increased food supply
 And more variety so better nutrition
 As a result population increased
 Larger families that were better resistant to disease and lived longer
Trade and Finance Expanded
 Was a response to population growth
 Making crafts for local and long distance trade
 Trade routes expanded
Fairs and Trade
 Most trade took place in towns on Fair Days
o Peasants would bring their wares for trade
o Most common item was cloth
The Guilds
 Fairs were made possible by the guilds
o They controlled crafts and trade; wages and prices
o Guild = association of people that worked at the same trade
o Similar to unions
o Enforced standards of quality
 Ex: bread – same size, weight and price
 Only master could be guild members
o Had to apprentice for 5-9 years
o Then became a journeyman and could work for wages
o Could not become a master until they created a “masterpiece”
A Financial Revolution
 Trade was expensive
o Before they could take goods to trade and make a profit they had to buy the supplies to
make the product
 Required loans
 But was considered a sin called usury for Christians to loan money at an interest
 Jews were kept on outskirts of town and society
 Lived in ghettos
 Forbidden to own land
 But could loan money
o Eventually religious laws on usury were lifted
Urban Splendor Reborn
 Even though farming techniques improved and towns grew from population growth…
o Towns of medieval England were tiny and primitive
Trade and Towns Grow Together
 Trade grew
o Trading towns grew up around
 Ports
 Crossroads
 Hilltops
 Rivers
 People were no longer content with feudal life; so fled to the towns
 Did not return to the manors – liked the economic opportunities of the towns
 There were disadvantages to townlife
o Narrow streets filled with animals
o Waste dumped outside front of homes – no sewers
o Never bathed
o
Cramped wood/thatch houses
 Fire hazard
 No fresh air
Towns and the Social Order
 Serfs had run away from manors
o Could become free if lived in a town for a year and a day
o Had better lives than on the manor
 The merchants and craftsmen did not fit into the social order (class structure)
o At first towns were under control of feudal lords
 Levied taxes, fees and rents
o Eventually burghers (town dwellers) became frustrated with the interference with their
commerce
 Fought back
 Gained some of their rights back
The Revival of Learning
 Word university = meant group of scholars meeting anywhere at anytime
o Did not refer to a building
o Most were sons of burghers or well to do artisans
o Goal: job in government or church
o 5-7 years to get a bachelor’s degree
o 12 years for a masters in theology
 Most wrote in Latin
 A few began to write in the vernacular (everyday language of their homeland)
o Chaucer – Canterbury Tales
o Since most people did not speak Latin, this brought literature to most everyone
The Muslim Connection
 Trade brought Christians into contact with Muslims technology and literature
o They brought this back to Europe
 Muslim technology in ships, navigation and weapons
 Science
 Philosophy
 Law
 Mathematics
Aquinas and Medieval Philosophy
 Thomas Aquinas argued that most basic religious truths could be proved by a logical argument
o This was applying Greek philosophy (Aristotle) to religion
 Aquinas and his fellow scholars were called schoolmen or scholastics
14.3
England and France Develop
England Absorbs Waves of Invaders

Many brought their own ways and began to change and shape English culture
Early Invasions
 During 800’s Britain was repeatedly invaded by Danish Vikings
o Alfred the Great – managed to turn back the invasions
o His followers were also successful and eventually took back rule and called it England
 “land of the angles” – Germanic tribe that settled Britain
 In 1016 a Danish King Canute – conquered England and blended Anglos and Vikings into one
people
 Eventually King Edward the Confessor (descendant of Alfred the Great) dies with no heir and the
struggle for the throne of England ensues
The Norman Conquest
 Invader was William, duke of Normandy
o Became William the Conqueror
o From a region north of France – under Viking control
o Descended from Viking but French in language and culture
o Claimed the crown and invaded England with a Norman army
 An Anglo-Saxon named Harold Godwinson also claimed the throne
 Normans and Saxons fought at the Battle of Hastings
o Harold was killed and Normans won
 William claimed all of England was his personal property
o Took land from English lords who were loyal to Godwinson
o Granted fiefs with that land to 200 Norman lords that swore allegiance to him
 This laid the foundation for centralized government
England’s Evolving Government
 England controlled land in Normandy (northern France) and England
 King Henry II expanded holdings by marrying Eleanor of Aquitaine – with her came French lands
 Goals:
o To expand French land holdings
o Increase power over nobles and Church
Monarchs, Nobles and the Common Law
 Eleanor
o Wife to 2 kings
 Louis VII – of France; during the 2nd crusade; marriage annulled
 Henry Plantagenet (Henry II)
 Had 4 sons
o Richard the Lion Hearted became king
o John became king
 Henry strengthened royal court
o Sent judges every year to every part of England
 Collected taxes
 Settled law suits
 Punished crimes
o First to use a jury
o
Over time the cases the judges ruled on created Common Law
 These laws are the basis for U.S. law
The Magna Carta
 When Henry II died he was succeeded by his first son – Richards the Lion Hearted
o Hero of the 3rd Crusade
 His son John followed Richard
o Weak military leader
o Nicknamed John Softsword
o Lost all of lands in Normandy and France
o This led to a confrontation with his own nobles
 John’s problems stemmed in part because of his character
o Cruel to his people
o High taxes
o His nobles revolted and forced him to sign the Magna Carta
 Magna Carta
o Means Great Charter
o It reluctantly approved John
o But also guaranteed them certain rights
 Safeguard their feudal rights
 Limit kings power
 No taxation without representation
 Jury trials
 Protection of law
o Basic legal rights of current England and U.S.
The Model Parliament
 Edward I’s was trying to hang on to the last of the French lands
o Needed to raise taxes for a war on France
o He summoned 2 burgesses (citizens of wealth and property) from each borough and 2
knights from each county to serve as a parliament (legislative group)
 Parliament met in 1295 and included
o Knights
o Burgesses
o Bishops
o Lords
o Commoners
o Non-nobles
 It was a called a “model parliament” because its new make-up would be a model for future kings
 Every time a tax was needed parliament was called
o Branched into 2 groups
 House of Commons
 House of Lords (bishops and lords)
o Became powerful and provided a check for royal power
Capetian Dynasty Rules France
 French Dynasty – French King

Small but held Paris – important trade route
France Becomes a Separate Kingdom
 Weak rulers
 But geography favored them – trade routes
Philip II Expands His Power
 Most powerful Capetian King (Philip Augustus = majestic)
 Watched father lose French land to Henry II of England
 Became king at 15
o Set out to weaken power of English kings in France
o Crafty and unprincipled – would do anything to achieve goals
o Did not have success until John Softsword
o Tripled his land holdings
 Also wanted stronger central government
o Created bailiffs (royal officials)
o They scoured the land presiding over courts and collecting the king’s taxes
Philip II’s Heirs
 Louis IX (Philip’s grandson)
o Strengthened central government even further
o Unlike his grandfather he was pious and saintly
o Ideal king
o After death the Catholic church made him a saint
o Created a French appeals court that could overturn decisions of the local courts
o Royal courts strengthened the monarchy while weakening feudal ties
Philip IV (1302)
 Quarreled with Pope over church not allowing priests to pay taxes to the king
 Called a meeting of lords, bishops and commoners (to strengthened the case against the pope)
 Church leaders are the First Estate; lords are the Second Estate; and commoner became the
Third Estate
o All together they are the Estates-General
o This gives commoners the power that will eventually lead to their overthrow of the
French monarchy
14.4
A Century of Turmoil
 Between 1200 and 1300 things seemed stable
 Problems; however, were brewing
o Natural disasters
o Manmade disasters
A Church Divided
 The church seemed strong – not for long
Pope and King Collide
 1300 Pope Boniface III
o Attempted to enforce papal authority over French King Philip IV (as other popes had
over kings before)
o Philip IV responded by exerting his authority over French bishops
o Boniface responded with a papal bull (official document issued by the pope) saying that
the king must always obey the pope
o Instead Philip IV took the pope prisoner and planned to try him – Boniface was rescued
by died one month later
o Never again would the church be able to exert power over a king
Avignon and the Great Schism
 Philip IV got Clement V selected as pope
o He moved from Rome to Avignon France – where popes lived for the next 67 years
o Weakened the church
 Tried to get them to move back to Rome but failed
o Pope Gregory XI (1378) died while visiting Rome
 College of Cardinals met to replace him
 A mob gathered outside demanding a Roman or Italian be selected
 They chose an Italian – Pope Urban VI
 He was arrogant and had a passion for reform
 France countered by selecting their own pope – Robert of Geneva = took the
name Clement VII
 Now they had to popes
o Each declared the other a false pope
o They excommunicated each other
o Had the Italian pope in Rome and the French pope in Avignon
o This began the split in the church known as the Great Schism
 The Council of Constance had the job of resolving the pope problem
o There were actually 3 popes because had been selected earlier in Pisa
o The council got help from the Holy Roman Emperor
 He forced all 3 to resign
 They selected a new pope
 Martin V
 This ended the Great Schism
A Scholarly Challenge to Church Authority
 Later the papacy was challenged by 2 professors
o Englishman – John Wycliffe
 Declared Jesus was the head of the church not the pope
 He was offended by the worldliness and wealth displayed by the clergy
 Believed clergy should own no land or wealth
 Bible not the pope was the final authority for Christians
 To support this he ordered an English translation of the New Testament
o Professor in Bohemia (Czech Republic) – Jan Hus
 Taught the authority of the Bible was higher than the pope
 He was excommunicated in 1412

In 1414 a German emperor invited him to the Council of Constance
 Guaranteed his safety
 When he arrived he seized, tried as a heretic and burned at the stake
The Bubonic Plague Strikes
 1/3 the population of Europe died from the disease – 25 million Europeans
 Artists depict death as the Grim Reaper on horseback carrying a scythe
Origins and Symptoms of the Plague
 Began in Asia
 Followed trade routes
 Had already affected Asia and Muslims
 Found its way to Europe
 Arrived on merchant ships
 Known as the Black Death – because of purple/black spots on the skin
 Unlike many disasters that pull people together, it tore communities apart
 People refused to help even their own children
 Looked for a scapegoat
o Blamed Jews – accused of poisoning the wells
o Massacred
Effects of the Plague
 Continued to reduce the population with its reoccurrences
 Economic effects
o Populations decreased
o Trade declined
o Prices rose
o Workers were scarce
o Farmland abandoned
o Serfs paid poorly or not paid at all
 They left the manors in search of jobs and better pay
 Manorial system began to crumble
o Nobles refused peasants demands for higher wages – caused peasant revolts
 Church suffers
o Faith fails when prayers for help go unanswered
o Clergy leave their people to charge high prices for burial services
 People seeing how abruptly life could end became pessimistic about the future
o Many allowed their morals to become corrupt
 Idea was “eat, drink and be merry” for it may all be gone tomorrow
The Hundred Years’ War
 When the last Capetian kind died with no successor…
o England’s Edward III claimed the throne
o It became a war
 Known as the Hundred Years’ War
 1337-1453
o Fought on French soil


Victories went back and forth
Finally French drove English out of France except for port city of Calais
The Battle of Crecy
 Even though France won, England had 3 important victories
o Battle of Crecy
 French mainly still fought on code of chivalry
 Even looked down on their own foot soldiers and archers
 English had the longbow – provided distance
 French outnumbered the English; so they hastened their attack
 Longbow arrows forced the French back
 French knights became frustrated and impatient and trampled to death their
own archers and foot soldiers to get to the English
 Longbow arrows would unhorse the knights
 Their armor would prevent them from getting up
 English would then move in with swords and kill them as they lay on the
ground
Poitiers and Agincourt
 Same scenario happened at both Poitiers and Agincourt
 The mounted, heavily armored medieval knight was soon to become extinct
Joan of Arc
 Five years after Agincourt
o French and English sign a treaty
 Henry V (English) would take the throne at the death of French King Charles VI
 France had lost all hope
 But in 1429 a teenage French peasant girl, Joan of Arc, said that Heavenly voices
had encouraged her to drive the English out of France and give the crown to
France’s true king, Charles VI’s son
 She convinced Charles and led an army into battle at Orleans against the English
o Her initial attack did not prove successful and they were forced to retreat
o While retreating she and few other soldiers decided to attack again
o Her entire army followed and they defeated the English at Orleans
 After this victory she got Charles to go with her to Reims where he was crowned king on July 17,
1429
 She helped turn the tide for France
 She was later captured at a battle by the Burgundians, English allies
o They turned her over to the English who turned her over to the church
o Church tried her, condemned her a witch for hearing voices and burned her at the stake
o Charles VII did nothing to help her
Impact of the Hundred Years’ War
 English end up with the French port of Calais
 French monarchy increases in power and prestige
 Caused a sense of nationalism in both England and France
 King was no longer thought of as a feudal lord but as a national leader


During the war, English King Edward III went to parliament 27 times to ask for tax raises to
finance the war
o This strengthened parliament as a financial controller - sowing another seed of
democracy
Many consider the end of this war the end of the Middle Ages