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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Nasal Passage
(Nose – nostrils)
*pair of passgeways
separated by a bony septum
Tongue
Pharynx
(passageway for
both food & air)
Bronchi Tubes
Alveoli (air-sacs)-performs
the main job of the lungs
Capilliaries - Thin-walled
blood vessels
Trachea/Larynx
(held open by partial
rings of cartilage;
cilia)
Bronchioles (pass air to
and from your alveoli)
Very thin cells line the alveoli so
that O2 and CO2 can pass in and
out of the blood.
PATHWAY OF AIR (Respiratory System)
Nasal
Cavity
Bronchioles
Pharynx
(throat)
Bronchi
Larynx
(voice box)
Trachea
(wind
pipe)
Alveoli
/Air sacs
(site of gas
exchange)
LUNGS
•
Occupy twin cavities
•
Separated by your heart,
blood vessels & esophagus
•
Spongy
•
Covered by a double pleural
membrane which secretes
mucus
• Fits in a box-like
space
• At the bottom of
the box is the
DIAPHRAGM
• At the side of the
box are the ribs
Respiration
• A life process common to
both plants and animals
Breathing
• Mechanical process that
helps get air into and out of
the lungs
There are 4 types of gas exchange systems in animals.
I INTEGUMENTARY EXCHANGE OR CUTANEOUS RESPIRATION
* Occurs through the skin. (Ex. Earthworms)
II GILLS
* allows exchange of gases underwater
III TRACHEAL SYSTEM
* used by insects
IV LUNGS
* found in land animals
There are 2 phases in human respiration.
Internal
• Exchange of gases between the
blood and the body tissues
External
• Exchange of gases between the
atmosphere and the blood
• Involves breathing and the lungs
There are 2 mechanisms in breathing.
Expiration
Inspiration
• Air rich in O2 enters the lungs
from the atmosphere
• The diaphragm contracts or
flattens
• The intercostal muscle raise the
ribs
• Air rich in CO2 exits the lungs
• The diaphragm relaxes
• The intercostal muscles lower
the ribs
Breathing, or pulmonary ventilation, consist of
inspiration (inhalation) and expiration (exhalation).
Copyright © 2009 The McGrw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
The Mechanisms of Breathing
Respiratory center of the
brain
 MEDULLA OBLONGATA
- controls rhythm and
depth of breathing
 PONS – controls the
rate of breathing
OTHER FACTORS
 CO2 levels in the blood
 pH of the blood
 Fear and pain
There are different causes of altered breathing
patterns.







Coughing
Sneezing
Laughing
Crying
Hiccups
Yawning
Speaking
Did you know that the clicking sound that
you hear during HICCUPS is actually caused
by your diaphragm which contracts
involuntarily when its nerves are irritated by
eating too fast. Drinking lots of water or
holding your breath help reduce the oxygen
supply and increase the carbon dioxide level
of your body. These remedies can cause the
involuntary contractions of the diaphragm –
THE HICCUPS – to stop.
Apply Your Knowledge
Indicated whether each statement refers to (I) inhalation or
(E) exhalation: ANSWER:
E The intercostal muscles lower the ribs
__
I The diaphragm contracts or flattens
__
I The intercostal muscles raise the ribs
__
E The diaphragm relaxes
__
I Air rich in O enters the lungs from the atmosphere
__
2
E Air rich in C0 exits the lungs
__
2
Snoring
•
Due to vibration of soft
tissues when muscles of the
palate, tongue, and throat
relax
•
Affects approximately 50% of
men and 25% of women
over the age of 40
•
Causes daytime sleepiness
• May be associated with
obstructive sleep apnea
• Common Causes
• Enlargement of
tonsils or adenoids
• Being overweight
• Alcohol
consumption
• Nasal congestion
• Deviated nasal
septum
Snoring
Mayo Clinic’s Sleep Disorders Center rating of snoring:
Heard from close proximity
Heard from anywhere in the bedroom
Heard from just outside the bedroom door
with door open
Heard outside the bedroom door with the
door closed
Snoring
• Lifestyle modifications to reduce snoring
• Lose weight
• Change sleeping position
• Avoid using alcohol or medications that induce
sleep
• Use nasal strips to widen the nasal passages
• Use dental devices to keep airways open
• Treatments
• CPAP
• Surgery (uvulotomy)
• Laser surgery
Common Diseases and Disorders
Disease
Description
Allergic
Rhinitis
Hypersensitivity reaction to various airborne
allergens
Asthma
A condition in which the tubes of the
bronchial tree become obstructed due to
inflammation
Atelectasis
Collapsed lung
Bronchitis
Inflammation of the bronchi often follows a
cold; one type of COPD
Area/s affected
Nasal cavities
Bronchi
Lungs
Bronchi
Common Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
Disease
Chronic
Obstructive
Pulmonary
Disease
(COPD)
Emphysema
Influenza
Description
Area/s affected
A group of lung disorders that limit
airflow to lungs and usually cause
enlargement of the alveoli
Lungs (specifically ALVEOLI
or Air Sacs)
A chronic condition associated with
smoking that damages the alveoli;
one type of COPD
ALVEOLI
A viral disease that attacks the
respiratory system; commonly called
the flu
Nasal passageways
Common Diseases and Disorders
Disease
Description
Laryngitis An acute inflammation of the larynx
Area/s affected
Larynx
causing hoarseness (dysphonia)
Lung
Cancer
Cancer closely associated with smoking
and exposure to second-hand smoke; four
types of lung cancers
Pleural
Effusion
A buildup of fluid in the pleural cavity
Lungs
Pleural cavity
Common Diseases and Disorders
Disease
Pleuritis /
Pleurisy
Description
Inflammation of the
membranes that cover the
lungs, known as pleura
Pneumoconiosis Lung diseases that result from
Pneumonia /
Pneumonitis
years environmental or
occupational exposure to
different types of dust; three
types
An inflammation of the lungs
that is most often caused by a a
bacterial, or viral, or fungal
infection
Area/s Affected
Pleura (membrane of the lungs)
Lungs
Lungs (particularly ALVEOLI)
Common Diseases and Disorders
Disease
Description
Area/s affected
Respiratory
Distress
Syndrome
(RDS)
Severe Acute
Respiratory
Syndrome
(SARS)
Sinusitis
Syndrome in which a lack of surfactant in
the lungs allows the alveoli to collapse on
exhalation, resulting in poor oxygenation
Lungs
A viral respiratory disease that is very
contagious and sometimes fatal
ALVEOLI or Air Sacs
An inflammation of the membranes lining Sinuses and Nasal passages
the sinuses of the skull
Common Diseases and Disorders
Disease
Tuberculosis
Upper Respiratory
(Tract) Infection (URI)
Description
Primarily a respiratory disease
caused by various strains of the
bacterium Mycobacterium
tuberculosis
Coryza, or the common cold
Area/s affected
Lungs
* But can also affect any
other organ of the body
Sinuses, Nasal passages,
Pharynx, Larynx
References
• J. Ferriols-Pavico, A. Morales-Ramos, A. Bayquen, A. Silverio.
Exploring Life Through Science. Phoenix Publishing House. 2014
• C. Capco & G. Yang. You and the Natural World. Biology. Phoenix
Publishing House. 2010
• The McGraw-Hill Companies.2009
• B. Essenfeld, C. Gontang & R. Moore. Biology Second Edition.
Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. 1996
• BIOLOGY OF HUMAN AGING Chapter 11 The Respiratory
System."http://slideplayer.com/