* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Determiners and Qualifiers
Ojibwe grammar wikipedia , lookup
Chinese grammar wikipedia , lookup
Ukrainian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Old Irish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Lithuanian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Latin syntax wikipedia , lookup
Modern Hebrew grammar wikipedia , lookup
Japanese grammar wikipedia , lookup
Compound (linguistics) wikipedia , lookup
Spanish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Old English grammar wikipedia , lookup
Portuguese grammar wikipedia , lookup
Comparison (grammar) wikipedia , lookup
Old Norse morphology wikipedia , lookup
Arabic grammar wikipedia , lookup
Malay grammar wikipedia , lookup
Serbo-Croatian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Swedish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Modern Greek grammar wikipedia , lookup
Sotho parts of speech wikipedia , lookup
Arabic nouns and adjectives wikipedia , lookup
Italian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Zulu grammar wikipedia , lookup
Ancient Greek grammar wikipedia , lookup
Pipil grammar wikipedia , lookup
Turkish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Esperanto grammar wikipedia , lookup
Romanian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Yiddish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Romanian nouns wikipedia , lookup
French grammar wikipedia , lookup
Polish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Scottish Gaelic grammar wikipedia , lookup
Lecture 7 English 3318: Studies in English Grammar Structure-class Words Determiners, Qualifiers Dr. Svetlana Nuernberg Objectives ● ● ● ● Determiners Qualifiers Relatives Interrogatives Determiners ● It is a structure word that – – ● precedes and modifies a noun (the prototypical members articles a/an and the) can substitute for a/an or the They differ from adjectives is several important ways: – – – – don't occur with any of the adjective-forming derivational suffixes, like -able and -ly don't have comparative or superlative forms: tall-tallertalest, *this-thiser-thisest do not fit in both slots of the adjective test frame sentence: The____man seems very____. always precede any adjective or noun modifiers of noun, as does the in “the expensive car stereo” Main Groups of Determiners ● Articles – ● Demonstratives – ● some, any, no, every, other, another, many, more, most, enough, few, less, much, either, neither, several, all, both, each Cardinal Numbers – ● my, our, your, his, her, its, their Indefinites – ● this, these, that, those Possessives – ● a/an, the one, two, three, four, ...... Ordinal Numbers – first, second, third, ..... last Articles ● The – is called a definite article and a/an the indefinite – – the contrast between is related to knowledge about the noun that speaker/writer shares with the hearer/reader when the is used - it is known specifically what is being talked about – could be replaced with this/that ● ● – when a/an is used – such knowledge is not assumed – could be replaced with some/any ● ● – Please wash the car. Please wash this car Did you see the dog? Did you see that dog? Please wash a car. Please wash any car Did you see a dog? Did you see some dog? without determiners, cars and dogs refer to any or all cars and dogs, but no specific ones Count/Noncount Nouns & Determiners ● Noncount nouns – – – can occur with the definite article – the can occur without any article cannot occur with the indefinite article a/an ● ● ● Singular, proper count nouns – usually occur without a determiner ● ● The sand got in my shoe. Sand got in my shoe. *A sand got in my shoe. Peter went to Seattle. - *The Peter went to the Seattle. Single common count noun – cannot stand alone, it must be preceded by an article or another determiner ● A train passes this way regularly. vs *Trains pass this way regularly. Many and Few vs Much and Little ● The indefinites many and few occur with count nouns – – ● The indefinites much and little occur with noncount nouns – – ● The children gathered many stones Few trains pass this way anymore These solar panels generate much electricity Little milk was left in the carton Usually only one determiner proceeds a noun – some appear in combination with others ● ● half the Belgian chocolate all those dirty windows the first two successful tries both my English classes Determiners as Pronouns ● Demonstratives, indefinites, and cardinal numbers can function either as determiners modifying nouns or as nominal substitutes for nouns (pronouns) – – – – ● Have you seen these new shoe styles? Have you seen these? This house will be yours someday. This will be yours some day. Possessives can also serve either as determiners or pronouns (some have two forms) – – – Is that her convertible? Is that Kate's convertible? (determiners) Is that hers? (pronoun) Is that Kate's (noun) Possessives First Person singular plural Second Person singular plural Third Person singular masculine feminine neutral Determiner Function Nominal Function my our mine ours your your yours yours his her its his hers its Diagrams and Trees ● Sentence diagrams and phrase structure trees help to clarify visually the relationship between determiners and the nouns they modify – In Reed-Kellogg Diagram modifies appear on lines slanted away from the headword they modify ● headwords are placed on horizontal lines __car__ ___cars______ ____cars__________ a all the the last two ● Phrase structure trees or phrase markers – visually represent the way words are grouped into phrases to create sentences Phrase Structure Trees ● Phrase structure rules (PS rules) say that the item on the left-hand side of the equals sign consists of the items on the right, and the rules give the order in which items occur – A noun and its determiner is considered a noun phrase (NP) NP = (Determiner) + Noun NP NP Determiner Noun a car ● Determiner all the Noun cars the lack of parentheses around noun means that noun or a noun substitute must be present in order for the structure to be qualified as a noun phrase Qualifiers ● Many words can act as qualifiers or intensifiers – can be used with positive form of most adjectives (good, soft) and with adverbs of manner (rapidly) ● – can be used with the comparative degree of adjectives (better, nicer) and with comparative adverbs (sooner, nearer, farther) ● – right now, wide awake, just so, just about there, almost there used in the colloquial expressions ● – still, some, no, even, much have a limited distribution ● – very, really, fairly, quite, pretty, mighty, rather, awfully, too right nice, damn sure, darn right, real pretty Some of the adverbs of manner, the -ly adverbs, are themselves used as qualifiers with certain adjectives ● dangerously close, particularly harmful, absolutely true, politically expedient, technically possible, especially difficult Summary ● In their relationship to the form-classes, qualifiers are different from the determiners and auxiliaries in that they are optional – – adjectives and adverbs they modify can appear without them nouns and verbs face different situation ● ● ● many nouns cannot appear without a determiner two of the verb forms – the -en and -ing forms – require auxiliaries to function as the main verb Like other structure word qualifiers signal the form classes – they provide a useful test to differentiate adjectives and adverbs from other parts of speech