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APES Fall Final REVIEW
Short Answer
1. The difference between chemical and physical weathering of rock is that
2. The difference between weathering and erosion is that
3. Select the correct rock type connected with its mode of origin.
4. A rare rock formation is found 300 km from a matching formation. The continent on which it is found is part of
a plate that is moving at a rate of 36 mm/year. Which answer most closely approximates how many years ago
the matching rocks were separated?
5. The theory of plate tectonics states the following:
6. Magma circulates in convection cells in the
7. The lithosphere includes
8. The Earth is about ____ billion years old.
9. The elements of Earth are separated such that the
10. Worldwide, the largest density-dependent cause of death is
11. Population size can be estimated using the formula
12. Malthus noted that human populations grow ____ while food supply grows ____.
13. Using the rule of 70, a population growing at 10% would double in
14. At present, Earth’s human population is
15. If women delay childbearing,
16. Populations whose age structure diagrams are narrower at the bottom than at the top have
17. If a population’s age structure diagram looks like a pyramid, the population
18. To determine the number of individuals that will be added to a population in a specified time we multiply the
growth rate (r) by the
19. The birth rate of a population is expressed as a
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20. After a forested area such as a national forest is clear-cut, what type of succession occurs?
21. The first plant community that forms on bare rock often includes organisms such as
22. The Black Rhinoceros is considered to be a keystone species because
23. What characteristic best distinguishes predators from parasites?
24. A close interaction between two different species, in which one species benefits and the other is unaffected, is
called
25. If you were studying the niche of a species of bird, you might study
26. Which of the following is NOT a type of interspecific interaction?
27. In his 1798 book, An Essay on the Principle of Population, Thomas Malthus stated “…the power of [the
Earth’s human] population [to increase] is indefinitely greater than the power in the earth to produce
subsistence for man.” He explained that our population increases exponentially while we can only increase
our food supply linearly. Using our modern terminology, what did Malthus mean by “the power of the earth
to produce subsistence for man?”
28. An exotic species is one which _____ an ecosystem
29. Some predators feed preferentially on the most abundant prey. This type of predation is
30. An ecosystem’s carrying capacity for a population is determined by all of the following factors EXCEPT
31. If a population of 100 birds increases to 120 birds the following year, r = _____.
32. What occurs when a small group from a population colonizes a new area?
33. The variety of genes within a species is called its
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Figure 5-6
34. Use Figure 5-6. Which of the communities listed has the highest species evenness?
35. Which of the following is not considered to be contributing to the current increase in extinction rates?
Figure 5-5
36. Use Figure 5-5. Based on the diagram, which two layers indicate a time period in which there was a major shift
in climate?
37. Which type of species would be most vulnerable to environmental changes?
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38. A population of rabbits with typical variations of traits lives in a meadow with a depression that runs through
the middle. Over time, the depression fills in with water and becomes a river, separating the one population
into two over a period of several years. This is an example of:
39. Which of the following processes of evolution is not random?
40. Which of the following are processes in which evolution occurs?
I. Artificial selection
II. Natural selection
III. Genetic Drift
41. Which of the following is the best description of evolution?
Figure 5-1
42. Use Figure 5-1. Which of the following is a true statement about the comparison between Communities 1 and 2
shown?
43. Use Figure 5-1. Which of the following is the best description of the two communities shown?
44. Which of the following are measurements used to measure diversity within an ecosystem?
I. Species wealth
II. Species richness
III. Species evenness
45. What is most significant when determining the diversity of an ecosystem?
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46. You observe a mountain that has lush vegetation on one side and a dry desert on the other side. What would
be the most likely explanation for your observations?
47. As water freezes or evaporates, what happens to the salinity of the remaining ocean water?
48. What is a positive effect of upwelling?
49. What latitude receives the most direct sunlight throughout the year?
50. Which of the following statements about the Coriolis Effect is incorrect?
51. What is the overall direction of global air currents at the equator?
Figure 4-1
52. Use Figure 4-1. Using the diagram above, indicate which of the following has the highest albedo:
53. Which of the following is not true about the sun’s energy heating the Earth?
54. Which of the following is the best description of albedo?
55. Which level of the atmosphere contains the ozone layer?
56. In which level of the atmosphere does weather occur?
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57. What impact does deforestation have on the carbon cycle?
58. Which of the following is the best description of a region’s climate?
59. Which of the following is not a part of the carbon cycle?
60. In which step of the nitrogen cycle do plants absorb nitrogen compounds?
61. Which element is the primary component of fossil fuels?
62. A wetland ecosystem has an NPP of 1.02 kg C/m2/year and a GPP of 2.80 kg C/m2/year. How much carbon is
being used during respiration of autotrophs?
63. Which of the following statements best describes the concept of GPP (Gross Primary Production)?
64. A forest has a GPP of 3.8 kg C/m2/year and the rate of cellular respiration is 2.4 kg C/m2/year. What is the
NPP?
65. Which of the following shows the complex interactions between species within an ecosystem?
66. The sun is the ultimate source of energy for terrestrial ecosystems. Approximately how much of the potential
energy available from the sun’s rays hitting the earth is used in photosynthesis?
67. Choose the correct sequence for energy flow within an ecosystem
68. Which of the following are biotic?
I. Decomposers
II. Energy flow
III. Producers
69. Which of the following is not an abiotic factor?
70. A negative feedback loop is
71. In a steady state,
72. In a closed system
73. The difference between potential and kinetic energy is that
74. Types of macromolecules, the basis of biological molecules, include
75. A substance with a pH of 4 has _____ times the hydrogen ion concentration of a substance with a pH of 6.
76. On the pH scale, _____ is neutral.
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77. Bases contribute _____ to a solution.
78. To produce sodium chloride, common table salt, a single electron in the outer shell of the sodium atom is
transferred to the outer shell of the chlorine atom. This is an example of
79. Mass number refers to the
80. Elements that gain or lose electrons to form compounds create
81. The atomic number of an element is
82. Matter is
83. If the worldwide number of births daily is 364,000 and the number of deaths is 152,000, then annually there are
an additional _____ people.
84. Human population today is closest to
85. Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere are
86. The population with the greatest ability to respond to environmental change most likely is the one with
87. Evidence of biodiversity is seen in the
88. Environmental indicators
89. The extinction of mastodons and giant ground sloths in the Americas is attributed to
90. An ecosystem is a location on Earth that includes
I. only biotic components
II. only abiotic components
III. interacting living and non-living components
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