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Transcript
Chapter 19 – Introduction to the Kingdoms of Life Section 1 – Introduction to Kingdoms and Domains Vocabulary: None The Six Kingdoms of Life There are six kingdoms in life. Organisms are grouped in to them for several reasons. The reasons are: whether it is an autotroph or heterotroph, prokaryote or eukaryote, or cell walled or not. There are six kingdoms, archaebacteria, eubacteria, fungi, protista, plantae, animalia. The Three Domains of Life Like kingdoms, there are much broader groups called domains. There are three such domains. They are eukarya, archae, and bacteria. Eukarya is the newest group. The Domain Bacteria Characteristics and Kinds of Bacteria The first domain is bacteria. All organisms of the bacteria domain are prokaryotes with a chemical call peptidoglycan in their cell walls. They are between 0.1 to 15 micrometers. Some are helpful while others create disease. They are either photosynthetic, creating organic compounds from inorganic compounds, or heterotrophic. The heterotrophic ones are decomposers. The Domain Archae Characteristics and Kinds of Archae The second domain is bacteria. All organisms of the archae domain are prokaryotes with unique lipids; they don’t have peptidoglycan in their cell walls. They have ribosomal structures like eukaryotic ones. Some are helpful while others create disease. There are three basic types: Methanogens, Extremophiles, and Nonextreme Archaebacteria. Methanogens are archae that combine hydrogen, and carbon dioxide to form methane for energy, they are found in swamps. Extremophiles they live in underwater vents and salty lakes, and other acidic places. Nonextreme archaebacteria grow in regular environments. The Domain Eukarya Characteristics and Kinds of Eukarya The second domain is eukarya. All organisms of the eukarya domain are eukaryotes which are multicellular mainly. There are four kingdoms under this domain: Plantae, Protista, Fungi, and Animalia. They all have a nucleus, and can reproduce sexually, rather than asexually. The unicellular parts of Eukarya are in all protista and some types of fungi but none in Animalia and Plantae. Fungi have cell walls made of chitin. Animals don’t have cell walls but the other groups do. Chapter 19 – Introduction to the Kingdoms of Life Section 2 – Advent of Multicellularity Vocabulary: Colonial Organism – group of cells that are permanently associated but that do not communicate with each other Aggregation – temporary collection of cells that come together for a period of time and then separate Multicellular – organism composed of many cells that are permanently associated with one another Differentiation – process by which cell develop a specialized form and function Tissue – distinct group of cells with similar structure and function Organ – distinct group of tissues with similar structure with a specific function Organ System – Various organs that carry out a major body function Protist – eukaryotes that are not fungi, plants, or animals Hyphae – slender strand of fungi The Many Forms of Multicellularity Colonies Multicellularity has been very common. Unicellular organisms can also group for cooperation. A colonial organism is a group of cells that are permanently associated but that do not communicate with each other. Aggregation There are also groups which communicate with each other. These are also unicellular. They live a normal life and when in need of food, they join together. Aggregation is a temporary collection of cells that come together for a period of time and then separate. An example is a plasmodial slime mold. True Multicellularity But this is not what is truly multicellular. A multicellular organism is an organism composed of many cells that are permanently associated with one another. The cells grow and go through differentiation. Differentiation is the process by which cell develop a specialized form and function. Complex Multicellularity Every multicellular organism has big parts. A tissue is a distinct group of cells with similar structure and function. An organ is a distinct group of tissues with similar structure with a specific function. An organ system is various organs that carry out a major body function. Kingdom Protista Kinds of Protists All unicellular eukaryotes except yeast are protists. There are also multicellular protists. There are six groups of protists. The first one is unicellular one that move using cytoplasm extensions called pseudopods. Then there are ones that move using flagella. There are also ones with 2 shells made of silica. Some are photosynthetic algae. Fungus like protists exists in different molds. Lastly there are the spore-forming kinds. Kingdom Fungi Kinds of Fungi The only unicellular fungi are yeasts. All fungi have a cell wall made of chitin and are made of compressed pieces of hyphae. Hyphae are slender strands of fungi. Many live on dead organisms, and all are heterotrophs. There are three kinds. The first kind form structures for sexual reproduction called zygosporangia. The next kind is sexually reproductive structures. The last kind form sexual spores in special sacs called asci. The asci resembles the shape of a cup. Chapter 19 – Introduction to the Kingdoms of Life Section 3 – Complex Multicellularity Vocabulary: Vascular Tissue – tissue made up of specialized cells that play a role in transporting water and dissolving nutrients Invertebrate – animal that lacks a backbone Vertebrate – animal that has a backbone Kingdom Plantae Kinds of Plants All plants are multicellular autotrophs. They have specialized tissues called vascular tissues. A vascular tissue is a tissue made up of specialized cells that play a role in transporting water and dissolving nutrients. They produce their own food and release oxygen into the atmosphere. They are used to make medicine, food, paper, dyes and many other products. There are four types: nonvascular (moss), seedless vascular (Ferns), nonflowering seed (Pine and Spruce), and flowering seed (Grass and Oak). Kingdom Animalia Kinds of Animals All animals are complex multicellular heterotrophs. They have specialized tissues called muscles. A muscle is a tissue made up of specialized cells that help the animal move around. They eat other animals, plants, and some fungi. Animals reproduce sexually. There are 2 types. Invertebrates are animals that lacks a backbone. Vertebrate are animals that has a backbone. Ecological Roles Different animals have different roles. Some feed on wastes and dead animals, some are primary consumers. There are also parasites and secondary consumers.