Download Chapter 19 – Introduction to the Kingdoms of Life

Chapter 19 – Introduction to the Kingdoms of Life
Section 1 – Introduction to Kingdoms and Domains
Vocabulary:
None
The Six Kingdoms of Life
There are six kingdoms in life. Organisms are grouped in to them for several reasons. The
reasons are: whether it is an autotroph or heterotroph, prokaryote or eukaryote, or cell
walled or not. There are six kingdoms, archaebacteria, eubacteria, fungi, protista, plantae,
animalia.
The Three Domains of Life
Like kingdoms, there are much broader groups called domains. There are three such
domains. They are eukarya, archae, and bacteria. Eukarya is the newest group.
The Domain Bacteria
Characteristics and Kinds of Bacteria
The first domain is bacteria. All organisms of the bacteria domain are prokaryotes with a
chemical call peptidoglycan in their cell walls. They are between 0.1 to 15 micrometers.
Some are helpful while others create disease. They are either photosynthetic, creating
organic compounds from inorganic compounds, or heterotrophic. The heterotrophic ones
are decomposers.
The Domain Archae
Characteristics and Kinds of Archae
The second domain is bacteria. All organisms of the archae domain are prokaryotes with
unique lipids; they don’t have peptidoglycan in their cell walls. They have ribosomal
structures like eukaryotic ones. Some are helpful while others create disease. There are
three basic types: Methanogens, Extremophiles, and Nonextreme Archaebacteria.
Methanogens are archae that combine hydrogen, and carbon dioxide to form methane for
energy, they are found in swamps. Extremophiles they live in underwater vents and salty
lakes, and other acidic places. Nonextreme archaebacteria grow in regular environments.
The Domain Eukarya
Characteristics and Kinds of Eukarya
The second domain is eukarya. All organisms of the eukarya domain are eukaryotes
which are multicellular mainly. There are four kingdoms under this domain: Plantae,
Protista, Fungi, and Animalia. They all have a nucleus, and can reproduce sexually, rather
than asexually. The unicellular parts of Eukarya are in all protista and some types of
fungi but none in Animalia and Plantae. Fungi have cell walls made of chitin. Animals
don’t have cell walls but the other groups do.
Chapter 19 – Introduction to the Kingdoms of Life
Section 2 – Advent of Multicellularity
Vocabulary:
Colonial Organism – group of cells that are permanently associated but that do not
communicate with each other
Aggregation – temporary collection of cells that come together for a period of time and
then separate
Multicellular – organism composed of many cells that are permanently associated with
one another
Differentiation – process by which cell develop a specialized form and function
Tissue – distinct group of cells with similar structure and function
Organ – distinct group of tissues with similar structure with a specific function
Organ System – Various organs that carry out a major body function
Protist – eukaryotes that are not fungi, plants, or animals
Hyphae – slender strand of fungi
The Many Forms of Multicellularity
Colonies
Multicellularity has been very common. Unicellular organisms can also group for
cooperation. A colonial organism is a group of cells that are permanently associated but
that do not communicate with each other.
Aggregation
There are also groups which communicate with each other. These are also unicellular.
They live a normal life and when in need of food, they join together. Aggregation is a
temporary collection of cells that come together for a period of time and then separate.
An example is a plasmodial slime mold.
True Multicellularity
But this is not what is truly multicellular. A multicellular organism is an organism
composed of many cells that are permanently associated with one another. The cells grow
and go through differentiation. Differentiation is the process by which cell develop a
specialized form and function.
Complex Multicellularity
Every multicellular organism has big parts. A tissue is a distinct group of cells with
similar structure and function. An organ is a distinct group of tissues with similar
structure with a specific function. An organ system is various organs that carry out a
major body function.
Kingdom Protista
Kinds of Protists
All unicellular eukaryotes except yeast are protists. There are also multicellular protists.
There are six groups of protists. The first one is unicellular one that move using
cytoplasm extensions called pseudopods. Then there are ones that move using flagella.
There are also ones with 2 shells made of silica. Some are photosynthetic algae. Fungus
like protists exists in different molds. Lastly there are the spore-forming kinds.
Kingdom Fungi
Kinds of Fungi
The only unicellular fungi are yeasts. All fungi have a cell wall made of chitin and are
made of compressed pieces of hyphae. Hyphae are slender strands of fungi. Many live on
dead organisms, and all are heterotrophs. There are three kinds. The first kind form
structures for sexual reproduction called zygosporangia. The next kind is sexually
reproductive structures. The last kind form sexual spores in special sacs called asci. The
asci resembles the shape of a cup.
Chapter 19 – Introduction to the Kingdoms of Life
Section 3 – Complex Multicellularity
Vocabulary:
Vascular Tissue – tissue made up of specialized cells that play a role in transporting
water and dissolving nutrients
Invertebrate – animal that lacks a backbone
Vertebrate – animal that has a backbone
Kingdom Plantae
Kinds of Plants
All plants are multicellular autotrophs. They have specialized tissues called vascular
tissues. A vascular tissue is a tissue made up of specialized cells that play a role in
transporting water and dissolving nutrients. They produce their own food and release
oxygen into the atmosphere. They are used to make medicine, food, paper, dyes and
many other products. There are four types: nonvascular (moss), seedless vascular (Ferns),
nonflowering seed (Pine and Spruce), and flowering seed (Grass and Oak).
Kingdom Animalia
Kinds of Animals
All animals are complex multicellular heterotrophs. They have specialized tissues called
muscles. A muscle is a tissue made up of specialized cells that help the animal move
around. They eat other animals, plants, and some fungi. Animals reproduce sexually.
There are 2 types. Invertebrates are animals that lacks a backbone. Vertebrate are animals
that has a backbone.
Ecological Roles
Different animals have different roles. Some feed on wastes and dead animals, some are
primary consumers. There are also parasites and secondary consumers.