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Rome: Chapter 7, lesson 1
The Land of Italy
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MAP
OF
ITALY
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The Alps – Geography and Weather
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The Alps: Geography and Weather. Discovery Channel School (2006). Retrieved April 6, 2009, from Discovery Education: http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com/
Characteristics of Landscape of Italy
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peninsula in the Mediterranean Sea
“sassy boot”
Sicily = rich farmland
Alps separate Italy from rest of Europe
Apennine Mountains = backbone of Italy
Latium Plain = location of Rome and rich
farmland
• Tiber River = water source, transportation, trade
• seven hills provided natural protection
• volcanoes can provide silt
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Mount Vesuvius
Volcano
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Chapter 7 lesson 1
Vocabulary
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Sicily
Alps
Latium Plain
Tiber River
Volcanoes
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Rome: Chapter 7, Lesson 2
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Rome: Legend of Romulus & Remus
Rome's Mythical Origins. Discovery Channel School (2005). Retrieved April 7, 2009, from Discovery Education: http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com/
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Legend of Romulus & Remus
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twin sons of a princess of Latium city
jealous uncle wanted throne
sent twins down river in a basket; presumed dead
raised by a female wolf
had “wolf-like” traits
leaders of a group of bandits
pack mentality – You mess with one, you mess with them all!
fought to the death for control of the throne
Romulus won; hence the name Rome
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EARLY ROME
• Roman society was divided into 2 social groups
• plebeians = farmers, tradespeople & craftworkers (common
people)
• patricians = members of noble families, owned large farms,
hired plebeians to work for them
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Rulers in Rome
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Romulus was the first of 7 kings of Rome
What type of government was Rome at this time?
kings were elected by the rich and powerful people
kings remained in power until they died
used the same process to select a king got the same results
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Cycle of selecting a King
Became selfish
tyrants, nobody liked
them. They died,
nobody cared. Time
for a new king.
What character
traits do you
want in a king?
“Absolute
power corrupts
ABSOLUTELY!”
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Question #1
Which of the following describes plebeians in ancient Rome?
A. They were members of noble families.
B. They were military leaders.
C. They were farmers, tradespeople, and craftworkers.
D. They were Christian leaders.
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Question #2
Which of the following describes patricians in ancient Rome?
A. They were members of noble families.
B. They were military leaders.
C. They were farmers, tradespeople, and craftworkers.
D. They were Christian leaders.
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ROMAN REPUBLIC
• after 7th king with same result, patricians wanted to govern collectively
• patricians controlled Rome; made the important decisions
• plebeians rebelled and forced a change in government
• created a form of government called a republic
• republic means “public thing” in Latin, citizens choose their leaders
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REPUBLIC TYPE OF GOVERNMENT
• set up the Roman Republic to govern collectively
• three branches – beginning of check and balance system
• citizens elected representatives
• value of a vote was determined by rank within society, high rank in society = more
powerful vote
• Women could not vote.
• US government is a republic
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Question #3
Which of the following is NOT true about the government of ancient
Rome?
A. Citizens elected representatives.
B. There were three branches.
C. All votes counted equally.
D. It was a republic.
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Branches of Republic Government
controlled by
patricians
worked with
other
governments
controlled
money
SENATE
1st branch
established
most powerful
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Question #4
Which of the following is NOT true about the Senate in the
Roman republic?
A. It is the most powerful branch.
B. It was made up of plebeians.
C. They controlled government money.
D. They dealt with other governments.
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Branches of Republic Government
made up
of plebeians
protect
plebeians
rights
CITIZEN
ASSEMBLY
declare laws
unjust
less power
than Senate
elected tribunes
as
representatives
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Question #5
Which of the following is NOT true about the Citizen Assembly in the
Roman republic?
A. It was made up of patricians.
B. They had less power than the Senate.
C. It was created to protect the rights of the people.
D. They elected tribunes as representatives.
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Branches of Republic Government
run daily
activities
one had
to be plebeian
judge & army
commander
CONSUL
elected by
citizens for 1
year term
veto actions
of other
consuls
made new
laws
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Question #6
Which of the following is NOT true about the role of consul in the Roman
republic?
A. They were elected to serve a 3 year term.
B. At least one had to be a plebeian.
C. They served as army commander and judge.
D. They could create new laws and veto other consuls.
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TWELVE TABLES
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plebeians demanded to know the laws
patricians agreed to write out laws
written on bronze tablets
posted in the Forum (market, town square and courthouse)
laws’ topics included marriage, trade and war
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The Twelve Tables Video
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Question #8
Which of the following statements is NOT true about the Twelve Tables?
A. They were posted in the public Forum.
B. They were demanded by the patricians.
C. They created more fairness among the people.
D. They included rules about marriage, trade and war.
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Rome vs. Carthage
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THE WARS WITH CARTHAGE
• 1st Punic War = battle between Rome and Carthage to gain control of Sicily
• Hannibal, of Carthage, swore to defeat the Romans (Second Punic War)
• Hannibal did very well but ran out of supplies (Rome won)
• became most powerful nation in Mediterranean region
• Rome also conquered Greece, increased cultural diffusion
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PROBLEMS IN ITALY
• patricians grew rich, plebeians grew poorer
• government was designed to rule city, not empire
• conquered territories revolted and demanded say in government
• struggle for power caused civil war between plebeians and patricians
• EVERYBODY WAS FIGHTING
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Chapter 7 Lesson 2 Vocabulary
• plebeians
• patricians
• republic
• representatives
• Senate
• tribunes
• consuls
• Twelve Tables
• citizen assembly
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Chapter 7,
Lesson 3 31
Assassination of Julius Caesar Leads to the Roman Empire. Discovery Channel School (2004). Retrieved April 21, 2009,
from Discovery Education: http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com/
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JULIUS CAESAR
• born a patrician
• served in many government offices and the Army
• became a consul
• represented plebeians, became very popular, threw lots of parties
• patricians saw him as a MAJOR threat
• Senate sent him to the Wars of Gaul hoping he would be killed
• ordered to return without his Army: Caesar refused
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CAESAR VS. PATRICIANS
Caesar became a
Senate sent Caesar to the
Wars of Gaul hoping
he would be killed
Senate ordered Caesar
to return without
his army
very successful
military leader
Caesar refused
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CAESAR CONTROLS ROME
• Caesar and his troops “crossed the Rubicon” returning to Rome – phrase refers to
an irreversible decision
• ran out of money to fight wars
• traveled to Alexandria, Egypt to help Cleopatra conquer her brother and take
control
• gave him enough money to continue war
• defeated Rome’s generals and declared himself “dictator for life”
• What does that sound like?
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CHANGES UNDER CAESAR
• gave land to his soldiers
• free grain to poor citizens
• increased number of people in Senate
Who was happy about these changes and who was not?
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DEATH OF CAESAR
• Caesar’s popularity and power increased and made the Senate VERY
nervous
• WARNING: “Beware of the Ides of March.”
• went to Senate and was stabbed multiple times
• “Et tu Brute?”
• Caesar’s death led to another civil war
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originally named Octavian
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18 year old grand-nephew and adopted son
of Caesar
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defeated rival generals and was named
“imperator” (original of English word
“emperor”)
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powers included: veto laws, rule all Roman
provinces, control of Roman Army
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renamed Augustus, meaning “honored
one”
Augustus
Does his name remind you of anything?
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Pax Romana
• means “Roman peace” in Latin
• time when Augustus reformed Roman government
• ran much more efficiently: new roads & buildings, water
systems, unified government & money, improved system of
imports and exports
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Mt. Vesuvius & Pompeii
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Mount Vesuvius and Pompeii. Discovery Education (2007). Retrieved April 6, 2009, from Discovery Education: http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com/
Pompeii
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primary source information
neat blocks of houses and apartments made up city
public baths and theatres
shops and family workshops in city
large houses had gardens
meals found half-eaten were eggs & hazelnuts
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CULTURE OF ANCIENT ROMAN EMPIRE
• about 1 million people lived in Rome
• new theatres, public baths & aqueducts
• civil programs: firemen, policemen, free bread to the poor
• entertainment = gladiators
• successor of Augustus built an enormous stadium called “Colosseum”
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The arena and seats of the Roman Colosseum.. IRC (2005). Retrieved April 21, 2009, from Discovery Education: http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com/
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Controlling the Empire
• Rome became very popular, had a lot to offer
• appointed governors to help enforce laws and act as local
rulers
• taxed everyone to pay for empire
• a lot of military troops around city
• soldiers were paid; great job for poor
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Roman Engineers Built…
• aqueducts = fresh water to city
• stone bridges = made trade and military travel easier
• public baths = commons area, included: libraries, museums,
art galleries, place to discuss politics, business and gossip
• first to use the arch in architecture
• first to use concrete in building
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Rome’s influence on USA
• a lot of our political ideas
• government set-up
• language
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Chapter 7 Lesson 3
Vocabulary
• civil war
• dictator
• gladiators
• census
• Pompeii
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Rome: Chapter 7, Lesson 4
J
E
S
U
S
crucifixion
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CHRISTIANITY
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The Life of Jesus
• Jewish teacher, born in
Judea (Israel)
• taught about living a good life
• believed to perform miracles
• believed to be the Messiah (sent by God)
• Messiah in Greek – “Christos”, hence name Jesus Christ
• religion called Christianity
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The Life of
Jesus cont…
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became very popular to some
others became worried he would try to become king of Israel
was crucified (put to death by hanging on a cross) in Jerusalem
rose from dead after 3 days (celebrated on Easter Sunday)
told apostles again about Kingdom of God
rose to heaven
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Christian Bible
• divided into 2 sections
• New Testament is about Jesus’ life and teachings
• Old Testament = Jewish Torah
• Jesus’ teachings often use parables
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Parables
• definition: a simple story that contains a message or truth
• taught things like:
the value of good choices
doing the right thing
God’s love for all people
• found in New Testament
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Apostles
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12 men chosen by Jesus to help him teach
came from many different ways of life (fishermen, tax collector, etc.)
united to spread teachings of Jesus
built many churches throughout Roman Empire
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Apostle Paul
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formerly Saul of Tarsus
grew up in Turkey
well educated in Judaism and Greek classics
spoke well, people liked to listen to him
shared Christianity in many cities
called the first “bishop” (regional leader) of Rome
bishop now called “pope”, from Latin word “father”
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Christianity
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some Roman emperors treated Christians unfairly
tried to eliminate Christianity
it spread throughout Roman Empire
message of love and hope
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Constantine
• his Mom (Helena) believed
in Christianity
• vision of a cross before
battle
• “in hoc signo vinces” (in
this sign you will conquer)
• ordered cross as Christian symbol
• won the battle, became emperor and credited Christianity
• ended persecution of Christians
• allowed freedom to practice Christianity
• declared official religion of Rome
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Christianity
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followers
called
Christians
Christianity
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followers
called
Christians
bible =
rule book
Christianity
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followers
called
Christians
Christianity
bible =
rule book
Jesus was
Messiah
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followers
called
Christians
Christianity
bible =
rule book
Jesus was
Messiah
parables
taught
values and
beliefs
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followers
called
Christians
bible =
rule book
Christianity
Jesus’
followers
were
apostles
Jesus was
Messiah
parables
taught
values and
beliefs
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followers
called
Christians
bible =
rule book
Christianity
monotheistic
Jesus’
followers
were
apostles
Jesus was
Messiah
parables
taught
values and
beliefs
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followers
called
Christians
bible =
rule book
Christianity
worship
in a
church
monotheistic
Jesus’
followers
were
apostles
Jesus was
Messiah
parables
taught
values and
beliefs
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followers
called
Christians
believe
everyone is
equal
bible =
rule book
Christianity
worship
in a
church
monotheistic
Jesus’
followers
were
apostles
Jesus was
Messiah
parables
taught
values and
beliefs
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cross is
Christian
symbol
believe
everyone is
equal
followers
called
Christians
bible =
rule book
Christianity
worship
in a
church
monotheistic
Jesus’
followers
were
apostles
Jesus was
Messiah
parables
taught
values and
beliefs
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Chapter 7 Lesson 4
Vocbulary
• parables
• apostles
• crucifixion
• bishop
• pope
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Rome: Chapter 7, Lesson 5
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Unrest and Invasion
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Pax Romana ended
borders were compromised
relied on foreign soldiers
grew weak and poor
invaders destroyed cities & farms
travel unsafe
trade declined
tax collection became difficult
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Diocletian
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good military leader and ruler
divided Roman Empire into 2 parts
took over eastern half, wealthy cities
hired assistants to rule the western half
issued new coins to improve trade
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Diocletian continued…
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forced jobs needed by empire
saw Christians as a threat
they refused to worship the emperor
started one of the worst persecutions of Christians
dividing the empire caused major shifted power from west to
east
• retired in 305
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Constantinople
• in 330 AD Constantine moved capital to Byzantium (renamed
Constantinople, now Istanbul, Turkey)
• major trade routes
• part Europe, part Asia
• easy to protect on peninsula
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Changes to Capital City
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stole treasures from other cities
marble forum
public baths
libraries
new aqueducts
fresh water
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Constantine
and
Christians
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granted religious freedom
promoted Christian leaders
gave them land and money
churches built throughout empire
seen as a protector of Christianity
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The “New Rome”
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east flourished, west grew weaker
German invaders took over western half
eastern half lasted another thousand years
known as Byzantine Empire
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Greek Influence on
Byzantium Culture
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people spoke Greek
art
architecture
philosophy
literature
formed Eastern Orthodox Christianity
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Justinian
Byzantium ruler 527-565
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unify by eliminating differences
certain types of Christian beliefs
persecuted non-believers
tried to recapture territories once ruled by Rome in Asia and
Europe
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Justinian Rebuilds Constantinople
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built Church of Hagia Sophia, “Holy Wisdom”
aqueducts
baths
schools
hospitals
imported statues
preserved Roman traditions
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Justinian Code
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designed to preserve Roman laws and traditions
hired legal experts
created a code of law
laws dealt with marriage, property rights, slavery, crime and
women’s rights
• basis of Byzantine law
• principles are part of laws of Western Europe and United States
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Theodora
• wife of Justinian
• wise advice
• strong support
• supported women’s rights
• famous for charities (public kitchens
& hospitals)
• decided to stay instead of flee during revolt
• inspired strength and bravery in others
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Chapter 7 lesson 5
Vocabulary
• persecutions
• Justinian Code
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