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Rome: Chapter 7, lesson 1 The Land of Italy 1 MAP OF ITALY 2 The Alps – Geography and Weather 3 The Alps: Geography and Weather. Discovery Channel School (2006). Retrieved April 6, 2009, from Discovery Education: http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com/ Characteristics of Landscape of Italy • • • • • • peninsula in the Mediterranean Sea “sassy boot” Sicily = rich farmland Alps separate Italy from rest of Europe Apennine Mountains = backbone of Italy Latium Plain = location of Rome and rich farmland • Tiber River = water source, transportation, trade • seven hills provided natural protection • volcanoes can provide silt 4 Mount Vesuvius Volcano 5 Chapter 7 lesson 1 Vocabulary • • • • • Sicily Alps Latium Plain Tiber River Volcanoes 6 Rome: Chapter 7, Lesson 2 7 Rome: Legend of Romulus & Remus Rome's Mythical Origins. Discovery Channel School (2005). Retrieved April 7, 2009, from Discovery Education: http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com/ 8 Legend of Romulus & Remus • • • • • • • • • twin sons of a princess of Latium city jealous uncle wanted throne sent twins down river in a basket; presumed dead raised by a female wolf had “wolf-like” traits leaders of a group of bandits pack mentality – You mess with one, you mess with them all! fought to the death for control of the throne Romulus won; hence the name Rome 9 EARLY ROME • Roman society was divided into 2 social groups • plebeians = farmers, tradespeople & craftworkers (common people) • patricians = members of noble families, owned large farms, hired plebeians to work for them 10 Rulers in Rome • • • • • Romulus was the first of 7 kings of Rome What type of government was Rome at this time? kings were elected by the rich and powerful people kings remained in power until they died used the same process to select a king got the same results 11 Cycle of selecting a King Became selfish tyrants, nobody liked them. They died, nobody cared. Time for a new king. What character traits do you want in a king? “Absolute power corrupts ABSOLUTELY!” 12 Question #1 Which of the following describes plebeians in ancient Rome? A. They were members of noble families. B. They were military leaders. C. They were farmers, tradespeople, and craftworkers. D. They were Christian leaders. 13 Question #2 Which of the following describes patricians in ancient Rome? A. They were members of noble families. B. They were military leaders. C. They were farmers, tradespeople, and craftworkers. D. They were Christian leaders. 14 ROMAN REPUBLIC • after 7th king with same result, patricians wanted to govern collectively • patricians controlled Rome; made the important decisions • plebeians rebelled and forced a change in government • created a form of government called a republic • republic means “public thing” in Latin, citizens choose their leaders 15 REPUBLIC TYPE OF GOVERNMENT • set up the Roman Republic to govern collectively • three branches – beginning of check and balance system • citizens elected representatives • value of a vote was determined by rank within society, high rank in society = more powerful vote • Women could not vote. • US government is a republic 16 Question #3 Which of the following is NOT true about the government of ancient Rome? A. Citizens elected representatives. B. There were three branches. C. All votes counted equally. D. It was a republic. 17 Branches of Republic Government controlled by patricians worked with other governments controlled money SENATE 1st branch established most powerful 18 Question #4 Which of the following is NOT true about the Senate in the Roman republic? A. It is the most powerful branch. B. It was made up of plebeians. C. They controlled government money. D. They dealt with other governments. 19 Branches of Republic Government made up of plebeians protect plebeians rights CITIZEN ASSEMBLY declare laws unjust less power than Senate elected tribunes as representatives 20 Question #5 Which of the following is NOT true about the Citizen Assembly in the Roman republic? A. It was made up of patricians. B. They had less power than the Senate. C. It was created to protect the rights of the people. D. They elected tribunes as representatives. 21 Branches of Republic Government run daily activities one had to be plebeian judge & army commander CONSUL elected by citizens for 1 year term veto actions of other consuls made new laws 22 Question #6 Which of the following is NOT true about the role of consul in the Roman republic? A. They were elected to serve a 3 year term. B. At least one had to be a plebeian. C. They served as army commander and judge. D. They could create new laws and veto other consuls. 23 TWELVE TABLES • • • • • plebeians demanded to know the laws patricians agreed to write out laws written on bronze tablets posted in the Forum (market, town square and courthouse) laws’ topics included marriage, trade and war 24 The Twelve Tables Video 25 Question #8 Which of the following statements is NOT true about the Twelve Tables? A. They were posted in the public Forum. B. They were demanded by the patricians. C. They created more fairness among the people. D. They included rules about marriage, trade and war. 26 Rome vs. Carthage 27 THE WARS WITH CARTHAGE • 1st Punic War = battle between Rome and Carthage to gain control of Sicily • Hannibal, of Carthage, swore to defeat the Romans (Second Punic War) • Hannibal did very well but ran out of supplies (Rome won) • became most powerful nation in Mediterranean region • Rome also conquered Greece, increased cultural diffusion 28 PROBLEMS IN ITALY • patricians grew rich, plebeians grew poorer • government was designed to rule city, not empire • conquered territories revolted and demanded say in government • struggle for power caused civil war between plebeians and patricians • EVERYBODY WAS FIGHTING 29 Chapter 7 Lesson 2 Vocabulary • plebeians • patricians • republic • representatives • Senate • tribunes • consuls • Twelve Tables • citizen assembly 30 Chapter 7, Lesson 3 31 Assassination of Julius Caesar Leads to the Roman Empire. Discovery Channel School (2004). Retrieved April 21, 2009, from Discovery Education: http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com/ 32 JULIUS CAESAR • born a patrician • served in many government offices and the Army • became a consul • represented plebeians, became very popular, threw lots of parties • patricians saw him as a MAJOR threat • Senate sent him to the Wars of Gaul hoping he would be killed • ordered to return without his Army: Caesar refused 33 CAESAR VS. PATRICIANS Caesar became a Senate sent Caesar to the Wars of Gaul hoping he would be killed Senate ordered Caesar to return without his army very successful military leader Caesar refused 34 CAESAR CONTROLS ROME • Caesar and his troops “crossed the Rubicon” returning to Rome – phrase refers to an irreversible decision • ran out of money to fight wars • traveled to Alexandria, Egypt to help Cleopatra conquer her brother and take control • gave him enough money to continue war • defeated Rome’s generals and declared himself “dictator for life” • What does that sound like? 35 CHANGES UNDER CAESAR • gave land to his soldiers • free grain to poor citizens • increased number of people in Senate Who was happy about these changes and who was not? 36 DEATH OF CAESAR • Caesar’s popularity and power increased and made the Senate VERY nervous • WARNING: “Beware of the Ides of March.” • went to Senate and was stabbed multiple times • “Et tu Brute?” • Caesar’s death led to another civil war 37 • originally named Octavian • 18 year old grand-nephew and adopted son of Caesar • defeated rival generals and was named “imperator” (original of English word “emperor”) • powers included: veto laws, rule all Roman provinces, control of Roman Army • renamed Augustus, meaning “honored one” Augustus Does his name remind you of anything? 38 Pax Romana • means “Roman peace” in Latin • time when Augustus reformed Roman government • ran much more efficiently: new roads & buildings, water systems, unified government & money, improved system of imports and exports 39 Mt. Vesuvius & Pompeii 40 Mount Vesuvius and Pompeii. Discovery Education (2007). Retrieved April 6, 2009, from Discovery Education: http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com/ Pompeii • • • • • • primary source information neat blocks of houses and apartments made up city public baths and theatres shops and family workshops in city large houses had gardens meals found half-eaten were eggs & hazelnuts 41 CULTURE OF ANCIENT ROMAN EMPIRE • about 1 million people lived in Rome • new theatres, public baths & aqueducts • civil programs: firemen, policemen, free bread to the poor • entertainment = gladiators • successor of Augustus built an enormous stadium called “Colosseum” 42 The arena and seats of the Roman Colosseum.. IRC (2005). Retrieved April 21, 2009, from Discovery Education: http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com/ 43 Controlling the Empire • Rome became very popular, had a lot to offer • appointed governors to help enforce laws and act as local rulers • taxed everyone to pay for empire • a lot of military troops around city • soldiers were paid; great job for poor 44 Roman Engineers Built… • aqueducts = fresh water to city • stone bridges = made trade and military travel easier • public baths = commons area, included: libraries, museums, art galleries, place to discuss politics, business and gossip • first to use the arch in architecture • first to use concrete in building 45 Rome’s influence on USA • a lot of our political ideas • government set-up • language 46 Chapter 7 Lesson 3 Vocabulary • civil war • dictator • gladiators • census • Pompeii 47 Rome: Chapter 7, Lesson 4 J E S U S crucifixion 48 CHRISTIANITY 49 The Life of Jesus • Jewish teacher, born in Judea (Israel) • taught about living a good life • believed to perform miracles • believed to be the Messiah (sent by God) • Messiah in Greek – “Christos”, hence name Jesus Christ • religion called Christianity 50 The Life of Jesus cont… • • • • • • became very popular to some others became worried he would try to become king of Israel was crucified (put to death by hanging on a cross) in Jerusalem rose from dead after 3 days (celebrated on Easter Sunday) told apostles again about Kingdom of God rose to heaven 51 Christian Bible • divided into 2 sections • New Testament is about Jesus’ life and teachings • Old Testament = Jewish Torah • Jesus’ teachings often use parables 52 Parables • definition: a simple story that contains a message or truth • taught things like: the value of good choices doing the right thing God’s love for all people • found in New Testament 53 Apostles • • • • 12 men chosen by Jesus to help him teach came from many different ways of life (fishermen, tax collector, etc.) united to spread teachings of Jesus built many churches throughout Roman Empire 54 Apostle Paul • • • • • • • formerly Saul of Tarsus grew up in Turkey well educated in Judaism and Greek classics spoke well, people liked to listen to him shared Christianity in many cities called the first “bishop” (regional leader) of Rome bishop now called “pope”, from Latin word “father” 55 Christianity • • • • some Roman emperors treated Christians unfairly tried to eliminate Christianity it spread throughout Roman Empire message of love and hope 56 Constantine • his Mom (Helena) believed in Christianity • vision of a cross before battle • “in hoc signo vinces” (in this sign you will conquer) • ordered cross as Christian symbol • won the battle, became emperor and credited Christianity • ended persecution of Christians • allowed freedom to practice Christianity • declared official religion of Rome 57 Christianity 58 followers called Christians Christianity 59 followers called Christians bible = rule book Christianity 60 followers called Christians Christianity bible = rule book Jesus was Messiah 61 followers called Christians Christianity bible = rule book Jesus was Messiah parables taught values and beliefs 62 followers called Christians bible = rule book Christianity Jesus’ followers were apostles Jesus was Messiah parables taught values and beliefs 63 followers called Christians bible = rule book Christianity monotheistic Jesus’ followers were apostles Jesus was Messiah parables taught values and beliefs 64 followers called Christians bible = rule book Christianity worship in a church monotheistic Jesus’ followers were apostles Jesus was Messiah parables taught values and beliefs 65 followers called Christians believe everyone is equal bible = rule book Christianity worship in a church monotheistic Jesus’ followers were apostles Jesus was Messiah parables taught values and beliefs 66 cross is Christian symbol believe everyone is equal followers called Christians bible = rule book Christianity worship in a church monotheistic Jesus’ followers were apostles Jesus was Messiah parables taught values and beliefs 67 Chapter 7 Lesson 4 Vocbulary • parables • apostles • crucifixion • bishop • pope 68 Rome: Chapter 7, Lesson 5 69 Unrest and Invasion • • • • • • • • Pax Romana ended borders were compromised relied on foreign soldiers grew weak and poor invaders destroyed cities & farms travel unsafe trade declined tax collection became difficult 70 Diocletian • • • • • good military leader and ruler divided Roman Empire into 2 parts took over eastern half, wealthy cities hired assistants to rule the western half issued new coins to improve trade 71 Diocletian continued… • • • • • forced jobs needed by empire saw Christians as a threat they refused to worship the emperor started one of the worst persecutions of Christians dividing the empire caused major shifted power from west to east • retired in 305 72 Constantinople • in 330 AD Constantine moved capital to Byzantium (renamed Constantinople, now Istanbul, Turkey) • major trade routes • part Europe, part Asia • easy to protect on peninsula 73 Changes to Capital City • • • • • • stole treasures from other cities marble forum public baths libraries new aqueducts fresh water 74 Constantine and Christians • • • • • granted religious freedom promoted Christian leaders gave them land and money churches built throughout empire seen as a protector of Christianity 75 The “New Rome” • • • • east flourished, west grew weaker German invaders took over western half eastern half lasted another thousand years known as Byzantine Empire 76 Greek Influence on Byzantium Culture • • • • • • people spoke Greek art architecture philosophy literature formed Eastern Orthodox Christianity 77 Justinian Byzantium ruler 527-565 • • • • unify by eliminating differences certain types of Christian beliefs persecuted non-believers tried to recapture territories once ruled by Rome in Asia and Europe 78 Justinian Rebuilds Constantinople • • • • • • • built Church of Hagia Sophia, “Holy Wisdom” aqueducts baths schools hospitals imported statues preserved Roman traditions 79 Justinian Code • • • • designed to preserve Roman laws and traditions hired legal experts created a code of law laws dealt with marriage, property rights, slavery, crime and women’s rights • basis of Byzantine law • principles are part of laws of Western Europe and United States 80 Theodora • wife of Justinian • wise advice • strong support • supported women’s rights • famous for charities (public kitchens & hospitals) • decided to stay instead of flee during revolt • inspired strength and bravery in others 81 Chapter 7 lesson 5 Vocabulary • persecutions • Justinian Code 82