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I. The Renaissance
A. Renaissance – “rebirth or revival”
1. 14th – 17th Century???
2. Seen as a bridge or transition between Medieval and
modern western Europe.
B. Distinctive Features of the Renaissance
1. Rediscov. of Greco-Roman Civilization/culture
2. Emphasized Reason, questioned attitude, experimented,
free inquiry
3. Glorified the individual and approved worldly pleasures,
no need to think so much about “after-life”
4. Secularization – worldly matters
5. Changes in art, lit., and science
C. Hallmarks of the Renaissance
(hip tunes o the Ren.)
1. The “Isms”
What are the characteristics of the Renaissance?
The “isms”:
• humanism (and classicism)
• individualism
• secularism
• scientific naturalism
a. Humanism
• intellectual movement based on study of the classics (classicism)
– humanities (liberal arts): grammar, rhetoric, poetry, ethics, history
– Petrarch is “Father”)
• renewed interest in man and new view of humankind
–
–
–
–
believed in human potential and glorified man’s dignity
man depicted in art as the center of the world
concern selves with everyday human problems, not rel./secularism
inspiration from Greek and Roman writings
• civic humanism: application of humanist education to civil
service
vs. Middle Ages – learning confined largely to Christian monasteries; subordination of
humans to God; human body should be covered up, not glorified (Christian worldview)
Humanism (Classicism)
Bramante,
Tempietto,
San Pietro in Montorio,
Rome, 1508
Humanism
Pico della Mirandola, Oration on the Dignity of Man:
“O supreme generosity of God the Father, O
highest and most marvelous felicity of man! To
him it is granted to have whatever he chooses, to
be whatever he wills.”
Humanism (Classicism)
Michelangelo,
David, 1504
(marble statue)
b. Individualism
•
new emphasis on individual achievement
•
belief that the individual ought to be free to
think, speak, and act for himself
Shape the world according to one’s own will
- Virtu
•
vs. Middle Ages – cooperation within small communities; individual
achievement subordinate to religious faith/piety (Christian worldview)
Individualism
Titian,
Portrait of Emperor Charles V at
Muhlberg, 1548
(oil on canvas)
• Renaissance portraiture
Individualism
Titian,
Portrait of Empress Isabel of
Portugal, 1548
(oil on canvas)
• Renaissance portraiture
Individualism
Leonardo da Vinci, The Last Supper, 1498 (fresco)
c. Secularism
• increasing concern with the material rather
than spiritual world
• material values: money/wealth, material goods,
leisure time/activities
vs. Middle Ages – focus on the spiritual world/Kingdom of Heaven
(Christian worldview)
Secularism
Pieter Bruegel, Peasant Dance, 1568 (oak on panel)
This painting has a moral sense rather than being an affectionate portrayal of peasant
life. Gluttony, lust and anger can all be identified in the picture. The man seated
next to the bagpipe player wears a peacock feather in his hat, a symbol of vanity
and pride. The occasion for the peasants' revelry is a saint's day, but dancers turn
their backs on the church and pay no attention whatsoever to the image of the
Virgin which hangs on the tree. The prominence of the tavern makes it clear that
they are preoccupied with material rather than spiritual matters.
Secularism
Boccaccio (1313-1375), The Decameron:
“Niccolò’s son, Filippo, being a young man and a bachelor,
was wont sometimes to bring thither a woman for his
pleasure, and after keeping her there for a few days to escort
her thence again. Now on one of these occasions it befell
that he brought thither one Niccolosa, whom a vile fellow,
named Mangione, kept in a house at Camaldoli as a common
prostitute. And a fine piece of flesh she was, and wore fine
clothes, and, for one of her sort, knew how to comport
herself becomingly and talk agreeably.”
Secularism
Hans Holbein,
The Ambassadors, 1533
(oil on wood)
d. Scientific Naturalism
• close observation and study of the natural world
– geometry / proportions / space / laws of perspective
– anatomy
• realistic portrayal of natural world
vs. Middle Ages – less realistic and more stylized; focus is on
representation of God rather than representation of God (Christian
worldview)
Scientific Naturalism
Raphael, School of Athens, 1510 (fresco)
• laws of perspective
Scientific Naturalism
Leonardo da Vinci,
Study of a woman’s hands,
date unknown (drawing)
Leonardo da Vinci,
Larynx and legs, 1510
(drawing)
Scientific Naturalism
Leonardo da Vinci,
Vitruvian Man, 1492
(pen and ink)
• study of ideal proportions
D. Starts in Italy – Why? Results???
1.
2.
3.
Center of Greco-Roman culture – revived curiosity about classical civ. by seeing…
On Med. Sea – absorb ideas from Byzantium and Ottoman Empire
Trade from Crusades, with Ottomans, middlemen of Eur.(decline of
Hansa/German League) = wealth = patrons of lit., art, & science (ex – Popes,
Venice, Sforza of Milan, Medici of Florence
a. New Industry and materials – woolens from Flanders, silk, glass, ore from
Eastern Europe
b. Banking of the Medici of Florence– from cloth to banking – loan to rulers and
Popes (entrepreneur)
4. Communes — Sworn associations of free men who in the 12th century sought
economic &political independence from the lords.
a. popolo, (Italian: “people”), in the communes (city-states) of 13th-century
Italy, a pressure group instituted to protect the interests of the commoners
(actually, wealthy merchants and businessmen) against the nobility that up to
then had exclusively controlled commune governments.
5. Social and Political Structures — Oligarchy — a small group ran the cities, a
group created by the merger of the Italian feudal nobility and the
commercial elite.
6. Signori — Systems in which one man ruled and handed down the right to rule
to his son. Transformed his household into a court, built magnificent palaces
in the city center, where all political business was to be carried out. The
signori where major patrons of the arts.
II. The Italian State in the Renaissance
A. 5 Main Italian States
1. Milan – Sforza Family – control gov’t – high taxes –
(patrons/patronage)
2. Venice – maritime trade
3. Florence - Medici Family controlled it as an Oligarchy – looked
republican – first Cosimo and later his grandson Lorenzo – wool and
banking – art flourishes, (patrons) – banking
dominated Papacy
4. Papal States – lost some power due to… (Northern states free of
Pope)
5. Naples – south and Sicily – very poor
6. Some strong City-States – Mantua,
Ferrara, and
Montefeltro
7. Northern Italy – Communes – assoc. –
a. Urbino – power due to weak …
1. Federigo da Montefeltro, Duke of Urbino (was part of Papal state)
2. Humanist ed., skilled in fighting, was a condottiere, - mercenary
for $$$, benevolent despot – ruler with absolute power
3. Wife, Battista Sforza, well ed., - due to husband being a condottiere, his
wife ruled with “firmness and goodness”.
b. Isabella d’Este of wife of Francesco Gonzaga of Mantua – high
intelligence and wisdom “first lady of the world” – great library
1. Reading and SOAPS it up
B. The Warring Italian States
1. Italian City-States competed for land, power and
money
a. Dominate smaller states
b. At any time one began to get too much power, rest
would unit and put down the power – result…
c. Balance of Power
d. Diplomacy and ambassadors – “sacred because he
acts for the general welfare” and “the business of an
ambassador is peace” and “The first duty of an ambassador
is exactly the same as that of any other servant of a
government, that is, to do, say, advise, and think whatever
my best serve the preservation and aggrandizement of his
own state.”
e. Italy will be one of the last nationalities to unify (1870)
2. The French Invasion and Savonarola (1452–1498) — the
French king Charles VIII (r. 1483–1498) Slide
3. Machiavelli
a. Niccolo Machiavelli – Worked for gov’t after Medicci family in
Florence was expelled, lost job when Spanish beat France and put
Medicci’s back in power – forced into exile wrote
b. The Prince –
- before, politics was based on Christianity
- Liked Cesare Brogia, so of Pope Alexander VI
- Reading -
III. Intellectual Change in the Italian
Renaissance
A. The Italian Ren. spreads to Fr., Ger. states, Holland, and Eng.
1. Impacts religion, military, and commerce
2. Many scholars, artists & writers will journey to Italy
3. Examples: Petrarch, Pico della Mirandola, Erasmus, Leonardo
Bruni, Marisilio Ficino, Giorgio Vasari, Leon Battista Alberti,
Baldassare Castiglione, Virtu
DBQ DAY!!!
B. Christian Humanism
(Northern Humanism)
1.
Beliefs — Argued that the best elements of Christian and classical cultures
should be combined, e.g. combine classical ideals of calmness, stoicism and
broad-mindedness with Christian virtues of love, faith, and hope. Looked to
Bible directly.
2. Erasmus – key is _______–
3. Sir Thomas More - Utopia – society can be saved by a beneficent gov’t.
4. Loyala
C. The Printed Word
1. The Printing Press - Gutenberg and more paper available
2. Expanded Market for Reading - more books and schools/universities
3. Impact - What do you think??? Literacy and Individualism
4. Allowed writers to use the vernacular – Rabelais, Montaigne, Cervantes
Why do you think there are more printing centers in the north than in
the south??? (Hint: Should this be in the next unit??)
IV. Art
A. Characteristics of Italian Ren.
1. Influenced by art of classical Greece & Rome
2. Emph. realism, attention to detail, perfection
3. Early Ren painters treat religion “life-like”, north recreate
Biblical stories, depict more worldly subjects – landscape,
portraits, life
4. Patrons – spend, show power of nobility, corporations, and papacy
5. Human Ideals — Realism (linear perspective). Virtu – Shape…
6. Artistic Centers —Flanders, Florence, Rome???, Venice (patrons)
7. Mannerism — Style pioneered by Titian - artists used distorted
figures, exaggerated musculature, and heightened color to express
drama and emotion.
8. Chiaroscuro- 3D effect on a 2 dimensional - sfumato - blur edges
Use Aspects of Ren Art to analyze!!!!
B. People – Patrons spend
1. Concept of Genius — Artists came to be acclaimed as
“rare men of genius” - should be glorified
2. Trained
3. Gender — All of the major Ren. artists were male.
Women - textiles, needlework, and porcelain, seen as
“minor” or “decorative” arts. No painting!!!
4. Limits of Renaissance Culture — Women and poor
were excluded from institutions of Ren. culture
5. Italian – Giotto, Ghiberti, Donatello, da Vinci,
Michelangelo, Titian, Raphael, Palestrina (music)
6. Spanish – El Greco, Velasquez
7. Dutch – Hals, Rembrandt
8. Flemish – Rubens
9. German – Durer, Holbein
5. Italian – Giotto, Ghiberti, (music by Palestrina)
Donatello, da Vinci, Michelangelo,
Titian, Raphael
6. Spanish – El Greco, Velasquez
7. Dutch – Hals, Rembrandt
8. Flemish – Rubens
9. German – Durer, Holbein
C. Northern Renaissance Art
1. Flemish style: Low Countries
a. Characteristics
- Heavily influenced by the Italian Ren.
- More detail throughout paintings
- Use of oil paints
- More emotional
- Works often preoccupied with death
b. Jan Van Eyck – (c. 1339- c. 1441) - Arnolfini Wedding Portrait
c. Bosch (c. 1450-1516) – Neth. - Master of symbolism /fantasy
d. Peter Brueghel the Elder (1520-1569)
- Not influenced much by the It. Ren.
- Focused on lives of ordinary people
2. Germany - Albrecht Dürer (1471-1528)
a. Foremost northern Renaissance artist.
b. Master of the woodcut
c. 1st north artist to master It. tech of propor, perspec, &
modeling
V.
Social Hierarchies
A. Race and Slavery
1. How was race viewed?
2. Was there slavery?
a. How were Africans viewed by people of the Ren?
3. Were they viewed the
same all over???
4. Was this racism as we view it today?
B. Wealth and the Nobility
1. Hierarchy of Wealth - nobility allowed
2. Hierarchy of Orders
3. Honor - job, position
4. Spent lavishly on:
- Key Statement– There was no Renaissance for the
poor. True or False - Prove
- Key Statement – There was no Renaissance for the
Middle Class. True or False - Prove
Prime Doc - Castiglione
Speaker
• Who is speaking?
• What is their role in society?
Occasion
• When was this written?
• What language gives you a clue to when it may have been written?
Audience
• Who is this source directed at?
• Why is this the targeted audience?
Purpose
Significance
• What is the author's reason for writing this?Tone?
• What is the important points to be taken from this source?
C. Gender Roles
1. “The Debate about Women”
2. Popular Interest in “the Debate”
3. Debates about Female Rulers
4. Women’s Status - double standards???
5. Marriage was key for women6. Witches??? Only for…
- Key Statement – There was no Renaissance for Women. Yes or No
- Why the cartoons???
V. Politics &the State in Western Europe
1450–1521
A. France
1. 100 yrs War and Black Death hurt
a. depop., farms, ruin commerce, unruly nobles
b. raised nationalism
2. Political Stabilization under Charles VII
a. First Permanent Royal Army – cav and arch
b. taille or tax on property/gabelle on salt from Est. Gen.
c. took in lawyers and bankers in his council
d. Goes to Italy and expels English from Fr. , not Calais
3. Louis XI – The Spider – got Burgundy, Anjou, Maine,
Bar, and Provence
4. Lous XII marriage to Anne of Brittany = Brittany Key
Marriages
4. Religious Stability Francis I and Pope Leo X –
Concordant of Bologna = pope gets 1st year income from
bishops, Francis gets right to select bishops and abbots.
B. England
1. Disorder
a. Henry IV = violence (Lancaster)
b. Wars of the Roses houses of York and Lancaster fight
c. Henry VI – mentally ill (Lancaster)
2. Stabilization - War ends
a. Edward IV – (York) diplomacy to avoid war, did not
get $ from Parl.
b. Henry VII – diplomacy, Star Chamber(court),
marriage, torture &jailings = social order, peace, popularity
c. England has a good treasury, peace domestically and
internationally, increase wool trade, dignified
d. All weaken aristocracy, except Henry VII, by not
appointing members to council, undermine church with
reform, took nobles militia, centralize banking under
themselves.
e. All avoid war that would require money from Parliament
C. Spain - still not completely unified as a state
1. Confederation
2. The Spanish Monarchy – Ferdinand of Aragon and
Isabella of Castille - create a dynastic union
a. excluded nobles
b. power to appoint bishops
c. received $ from land s to claim Americas
d. Took Granada and Navarre - reconquista
3. Anti-Jewish pogroms – conversos/new
christians???
a. Jewish converts still not trusted due to…
4. The Inquisition
5. Expulsion of Jews and Muslims (1492)
Click pic
added 7 months ago
D. Holy Roman Empire
1. Dominated by the Habsburgs of Austria
2. Get power through marriage
a. Frederick III married son Maximilian to Mary of Burgundy = FrancheComte, Luxembourg, and some of Low Countries
3. Maximilian’s kids marriages = grandson Charles, heir to thrown of Habsburgs,
Burgundy, and Spain.
E. Eastern Europe
1.
2.
3.
4.
Poland remains week due to war with Russia
and the Turks – nobles retain power
Bohemia – nobles retain power due to Hussite Wars
Hungary becomes a super power under King Matthias Corvinus –
put down nobles, became a patron of the arts, brought in Italian
artists
Ivan III prince of Moscow makes a new state = Russia, kick out
Mongols
F. Ottoman Empire
1. Ottoman Turks seize Seljuk Turk land and Byzantium Empire.
2. 1300’s took Balkans, Bulgaria, and Serbia
3. 1453 conquered Constantinople under Sultan Mehmet II
4. Late 1400’s took Wallachia
VI. Church During the Ren.
A. Attacks on Church
1.
Wyclif and Lollard (followers) –
a. John Wyclif attacks clerical corruption, temporal authority, wanted Popes to
be stripped of power and property, said Bible is sole authority, condemned
pilgrimage, veneration of saints, rituals and rites
b. John Hus of Bohemia – agrees with Wyclif – Bohemians want Church land –
Hussites
c. Church tries to reform – fails – Pope keeps power
Use Nepotism – promote family members
d. Florence controls papacy’s banking – impact???
e. No control of northern states
B. Loved the Art