Download 1. The plant cell

PHARMACOBOTANY
Literature
Compulsory literature:
• Farkas Á.: Pharmacobotany 1. Teaching Supplement for
Pharmacy Students. University Pécs, Medical School
(2010)
Recommended literature:
• D.F. Cutler, T. Botha, D.W. Stevenson: Plant Anatomy. An
Applied Approach. Wiley-Blackwell (2008)
• R.F. Evert, S.E. Eichhorn: Esau’s Plant Anatomy:
Meristems, Cells and Tissues of the Plant Body: Their
Structure, Function and Development. 3rd edition. Wiley
• Fahn: Plant Anatomy. 4th edition
• Zohara Yaniv, Uriel Bachrach (eds.): Handbook of
Medicinal Plants. (2005) Haworth Press Inc.
• WHO Monographs on Selected Medicinal Plants, Vol. 1.
(1999), Vol. 2. (2002)
Pharmacobotany 1. - Lectures
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
Structure of the plant cell. Plastids and inclusions.
Structure of the cell wall.
Plant tissues I. Meristematic tissues.
Plant tissues II. Epidermal tissue – stomata, trichomes, secondary
epidermis.
Plant tissues III. Vascular tissues – vascular bundle types.
Plant tissues IV. Ground tissues: parenchyma, collenchyma,
sclerenchyma, secretory tissues.
1st written test
Root morphology. Modified roots. Root anatomy.
Shoot morphology and anatomy. Shoot types.
Leaf morphology and anatomy. Leaf arrangement (phyllotaxis).
Leaf venation.
Flower morphology. Inflorescence types.
Fertilisation, embryogenesis, ovule and seed. Fruit types.
2nd written test
Taxonomic categories, chemotaxonomic relations, rules of
nomenclature.
Pharmacobotany – fulfillment criteria
Lectures: 2 written tests (7th and 13th week)
Lab practicals: 2 written tests
Absences: Lab practices are compulsory;
max. 2 absences are allowed.
Final mark:
• 4 written tests (lectures and practicals)
• lab notebook
PHARMACOBOTANY
LECTURE 1.
THE PLANT CELL
THE PLANT CELL
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Mitochondrion
Cell wall
Plasma
membrane
Chloroplast
Nucleus
THE PLANT CELL - TEM
THE PLANT CELL
NUCLEUS
double membrane
with pores
nuclear sap
chromatin:
DNA + protein
nucleolus:
RNA
THE NUCLEUS
outer membrane
inner membrane
nuclear sap
nucleolus
chromatin
nuclear
envelope
pores
THE PLANT CELL
Relationship between nucleus
and endoplasmic reticulum
DER
THE PLANT CELL
GOLGI APPARATUS (DICTYOSOME)
Golgi apparatus and lysosomes
secondary
lysosome
primary lysosome
THE PLANT CELL
MITOCHONDRION
outer membrane
inner membrane
intermembrane space
matrix
Mitochondrion – TEM
THE PLANT CELL
CHLOROPLAST
double outer membrane
stroma
thylakoids
starch grain
CHLOROPLAST
stroma
thylakoid
granum
(thylakoid sacs)
intermembrane
space
inner
membrane
outer
membrane
PLASTIDS
leucoplast
chromoplast
chloroplast
amyloplast
proplastid
Plastid Inclusions
• Amyloplast: starch (amylum)
• Elaioplast: oil
• Proteinoplast: protein
Starch:
Primary/Assimilatory:
chloroplast – small crystals - light
 simple sugars  other plant organs - storage
Secondary/Storage:
amyloplast – storage organs
Chloroplast
starch grains in the chloroplast
Types of starch grains
According to the position of the
formation center (hilum) :
concentric
excentric
e.g. beans, peas
e.g. potato
Types of starch grains
According to the number of formation centers:
1
2-3
several
simple
semi-compound
compound
Potato
starch grains
(SEM)
THE PLANT CELL
VACUOLE
tonoplast
vacuole
THE PLANT CELL
Functions of the vacuole – cell sap:
• stores secondary metabolites, reserve substances and
protective agents
• accumulates and neutralizes harmful substances ←
metabolic processes
• regulates osmotic balance
cell sap: more concentrated than soil solutions –
uptake of soil solutions possible
• provides turgidity for the plant cell
CYTOPLASMIC INCLUSIONS
• vacuolar products of the cytoplasm
• definite shape and size
• solid: e.g. aleurone grains, crystals
• liquid: oils, essential oils
Significance:
• storage of reserve substances
• by- or end-products of metabolic processes
Chemical character:
• proteins, carbohydrates,oils and fats, essential
oils, resins, balsams, crystals
Protein Inclusions
• seeds – reserve substances
Aleurone grains:
dry, protein-containing vacuoles + little carbohydrate
• iodine  brownish-yellow (protein reaction)
Homogeneous: single type of protein
• small protein grains in large amount; often forming a
distinct layer (e.g. wheat grain – below seed coat)
• together with starch grains in the same cells (e.g. legume
seeds)
Heterogeneous: more than one kind of protein
Protein Inclusions
• Globulins:
seeds of cereals and
legumes (legumin)
•Gluten:
glutenin + gliadin in
endosperm of cereal grains
Oil and Fat Inclusions
• Plant fats and oils: emulsions or droplets,
grains in the cytoplasm
(fat-, or oil-vacuoles)
• Function: reserve substances
• Chemically: triglycerides (fatty acids +
glycerin)
Plant fats and oils
cocoa butter  cocoa beans
- cocoa powder, chocolate,
pharmaceutical technology, cosmetics
kakaófa
coconut oils (copra) 
coconut palm
– soap production
Plant fats and oils
flaxseed oil  flax
- blood vessel health
poppyseed oil  poppy –
painting
Plant Fats and Oils
sunflower oil
• edible oil,
• cosmetics,
• pharmaceutical formulations
olive oil  olive tree
– edible oil
Plant Fats and Oils
castor oil  castor beans,
laxative, brake oils
Waxes:
• fatty acids + alcohol
• whitish layer on fruits, stems, leaves
parallel wax structures
(Asparagus shoot)
wax structures on a leaf
Essential oils, resins and balsams
• Essential oils /ethereal oils /volatile oils:
•
•
•
•
insoluble in water;
can be diluted in solvents like ethanol, oils
extraction: distillation, expression, solvent
extraction
terpenes
in vacuoles, reflective drops in the cytoplasm
vacuoles fuse  fill the whole cell
 adjacent oil-containing cells can merge
Essential oils
Lamiaceae – mint family
Essential oils
Apiaceae – carrot family
Essential Oils
Significance:
• scent of flowers
– insect attraction, pollination
• strong, unpleasant smell
– repellent (herbivores, pests, parasites)
• herbs, spices, aromatherapy
Types of oil secretion I.
oil cells
(calamus rhizome)
Types of oil secretion II.
lysigenous oil cavities (e.g. lemon skin)
Types of oil secretion III.
schizogenous oil cavities
(e.g. fennel fruit)
glandular hairs
(e.g. mint family)
Resins:
Insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol, ether, essential oils, fatty oils;
→ soften
cross section of pine (Pinus
nigra) needle
cross section of pine
(Pinus) branch
- resin acids
- synthesized in the cytoplasm of epithelial cells
- stored outside the cells, in resin ducts (rd)
heat
Significance of resins
• protect against infections:
plant injury → resins flow out → protective layer
• protect against frost and drought:
bud scales (e.g. horse chestnut, poplar)
Bal(sa)ms:
Resins solved in essential oil.
Similar function – like resins
(e.g. Canada balsam - Abies balsamea
Tolu balsam - Myroxylon balsamum)
Crystal Inclusions :
Ca(COO)2 and CaCO3 crystals
I. Calcium oxalate – Ca(COO)2 crystals:
• insoluble in water; dissolve in hydrochloric acid (HCl) – no
bubble formation
• dissolve in sulphuric acid  calcium sulphate + oxalic acid
H2SO4 + Ca(COO)2 → CaSO4
+ COOH
l
COOH
Ca(COO)2 crystals
1. crystal sand
(e.g. nightshade family)
2. prisms
(e.g. outer scale
leaves of onion)
Ca(COO)2 crystals
3. raphid: group of
needle-shaped crystals
(e.g. sea onion)
cross section
longitudinal section
Ca(COO)2 crystals
4. rosette/druse: mace-shaped
crystals
Ca-oxalate rosette – lime tree
Ca-oxalate druse – apple tree
II. CaCO3 crystals
• dissolve in hydrochloric
acid – bubble formation
– CO2 is released
• cystolith
• e.g. mulberry family,
cucurbit family, hemp
Ficus elastica - cystolith