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CELLS The Smallest Unit of Life Cell Discoveries Anton vanLeeuwenhoek – Made the first microscope that could view individual cells. – Saw cells in his tooth scrapings http://www.ixedu.com/es/celula/Multimedia/Microscopio/Historia.htm http://www.hps.cam.ac.uk/whipple/explore/microscopes/adutchpioneer/ Robert Hooke Gave cells their name after he saw them through the microscope Thought they looked like “cells” or rooms of the monastery http://askabiologist.asu.edu/research/buildingblocks/rhooke.html http://kmoddl.library.cornell.edu/biographies/Hooke/ Schleiden & Schwann Schleiden was a botanist who said that all plants were made of cells http://www.answers.com/topic/matthias-jakob-schleiden?cat=technology Schwann was a zoologist who said that all animals were made of cells http://www.britannica.com/eb/art-14156/Theodore-Schwann?articleTypeId=1 Cell Theory 1. All living things are made of cells. 2. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function of living things. 3. All cells come from pre-existing cells. What is a Cell? The simplest unit of structure and function for every living thing Unicellular – single celled organism • EX: Ameoba, paramecium Multicellular – organism made of many cells • EX: humans, plants Types of Cells Prokaryotic – Cells without a nucleus • Bacteria only Eukaryotic www.med.sc.edu:85/fox/e_coli-dk.jpg – Cells with a nucleus • EX: Plant, Animal, Fungus & Protist http://library.thinkquest.org/03oct/00520/gallery/photos/prokaryote.jpg (nucleus) http://library.thinkquest.org/03oct/00520/gallery/photos/prokaryote.jpg Structure vs. Function The shape or structure of a cell determines its function. – EX: red blood cell is small to fit through small blood vessels but has a lot of surface area to carry oxygen http://www.britannica.com/eb/art/print?id=88528&articleTypeId=0 – EX: nerve cells are long and branched to send messages quickly http://www.dkimages.com/discover/Home/Science/Biology/The-Cell/The-Cell-27.html What’s in a Cell? Organelles – like tiny organs in cells – carry out specialized jobs – Most cells have same organelles, but some only found in specific type of cells http://www.cellsalive.com/cells/cell_model.htm Organelles “tiny organs” 1. Cell Wall Only found in plant cells and bacteria Provides protection and allows materials to pass from one cell to another Like the walls of the school http://biology.unm.edu/ccouncil/Biology_124/Images/cellwall.jpeg 2. Cell Membrane The outer boundary of an animal cell and the second layer of protection for a plant cell Selectively permeable – lets some things in easily but not others (homeostasis) Also known as the phospholipid bilayer Like a security guard www.che.vt.edu/Sum/images/cell -membrane.gif 3. Nucleus – – – Control center of the cell Contains DNA Like the brain www.nsf.gov/news/overviews/biology/interact05.jsp http://www.public.iastate.edu/~ttt356/Nucleus.jpg 4. Cytoplasm - Material between the cell membrane and nucleus - Provides a medium (substance) to move nutrients through - Reactions occur here - Organelles found here - Jelly-like 5. Rough & Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum “Rough” because attached ribosomes make it look bumpy Checks proteins to make sure they are made correctly. Packages molecules Like the Highways www.biologycorner.com http://www.biology.arizona.edu/CELL_BIO/tutorials/pev/graphics/smooth_er.gif 6. Ribosomes The smallest organelles These make proteins & other cell parts Some float in the cytoplasm; some are attached to other organelles. Like factories http://genome.imim.es/courses/Madrid04/exercises/ensembl/images/ribosome.jpg http://www.nsf.gov/news/overviews/biology/assets/interact05.jpg http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook/illustrations/cellgolgi.jpg 7. Golgi Apparatus “Mailroom” of the cell Sorts, packages & exports proteins Like the UPS http://www.daviddarling.info/images/Golgi_apparatus.jpg 8. Lysosomes “Kamikaze” organelle They destroy bad proteins and damaged organelles Enzymes assist Like a garbage truck http://www.molecularexpressions.com/cells/lysosomes/images/lysosomesfigure1.jpg 9. Mitochondria (-ion) Powerhouse of the cell Makes ENERGY! Like the electric co. http://kentsimmons.uwinnipeg.ca/cm1504/Image110.gif 10. Centrioles Play an important roles in cell division Come in pairs Animal cells Like a filing cabinet http://3dbiology.pbworks.com/f/centrioles_cropped.jpg 11. Cilia Hair-like Useful for: – Movement – Protection – Food gathering Like a broom 12. Flagella (-um) Tail-like/whip-like Useful for movement Mostly in protist 13. Vacuole Storage organelle for food, water & wastes Huge in plant cells for the storage of water Many small vacuoles in animal cells Like a trash can or refrigerator http://www.daviddarling.info/images/contractile_vacuole.gif http://www4.alief.isd.tenet.edu/cahowe/PreAPBio/Projects/Cell_files/slide0013_image053.jpg 14. Chloroplast Contains chlorophyll PHOTOSYNTHESIS Like solar panels http://www.s-cool.co.uk/alevel/assets/learn_its/alevel/biology/cells -and-organelles/organelles/chloroplast-b.gif http://www.scar.utoronto.ca/~olaveson/chloroplast-Sadava.jpg Plant Cells vs. Animal Cells Plant Cells – – – – Cell wall Chloroplasts Large vacuole Square www.molecularexpressions.com Animal Cells – – – – Cell membrane No chloroplasts Small vacuole Many shapes http://encarta.msn.com/media_461540224_761563786_-1_1/animal_cell.html •Nucleus •Chloroplast •Membrane •Cell Wall •Mitochondria •Vacuole •Golgi •Ribosomes Stem Cells Unspecialized cells Have the ability to become any of the 220 different human cell types Totipotent = total potential Pluripotent = limited potential Membranes & Transport Gateways of cells & organelles Membrane Structure Phospholipid Bilayer – 2 layers of phospholipids • Hydrophilic phosphate heads • Hydrophobic lipid tails – Innermembrane proteins – Surface carbohydrates – Surface lipids/cholesterol Structure http://www.bioteach.ubc.ca/Bio-industry/Inex/ http://www.biology.iupui.edu/biocourses/N100H/cells.html http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Cell_membrane_detailed_diagram.svg Passive Transport Does not require energy [High] [Low] 1. Diffusion 2. Osmosis 3. Facilitated diffusion 1. Diffusion Occurs across the phospholipids – CO2 – O2 – Urea Lab Information on Diffusion Dialysis tubing acts as a semipermeable membrane Which materials can pass through the pores? Which cannot permeate the bag? Animation Dialysis http://www.ualr.edu/botany/osmosis.jpg 2. Osmosis Diffusion of water Water moves from – High [water] low [water] – Hypotonic [solute] hypertonic [solute] Animation http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Osmotic_pressure_on_blood_cells_diagram.svg http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Turgor_pressure_on_plant_cells_diagram.svg Kidney Function • Vessels bring waste- filled blood to kidneys for filtering. • Membranes in the kidneys let urea leave the blood to go into the ureter. •Urea becomes urine and collects in the bladder. Dialysis Dialysis http://www.biotopics.co.uk/human2/andial.html 3. Facilitated Diffusion Molecules moving from [high] [low] but are too big to move between phospholipids Requires a membrane carrier (facilitator) Glucose uses this http://www.biology.arizona.edu/chh/problem_sets/kidneysmetals/07t.html Active Transport Requires ATP energy – ATP pumps – Endocytosis – Exocytosis Often goes against concentration gradient Endo & Exocytosis http://www.dnatube.com/view_video.php?viewkey=6ebda4840e7360ce6e7e http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phagocytosis The Cellular Circle of Life http://ebiomedia.com/prod/LC/LCcellunit.html CELLULAR ENERGETICS The Chloroplast http://www.ualr.edu/botany/chloroplast.jpg Autotrophs vs. Heterotrophs Autotrophs – Make their own food for energy – Ex: Plants Heterotrophs – must obtain their energy from other organisms – Ex: Animals & Fungi Energy…. The ability to do work Purpose of photosynthesis is to make energy! sunlight energy is changed into chemical energy Bonds & Energy Chemical energy is located in chemical bonds of sugars & starches Breaking bonds releases energy Light Use in Plants ROYGBIV Light wavelengths primarily used by plants are R and B I They do not use G since this is reflected Photosynthesis requires pigments… http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/images/130/Ferns/Gameto phyte_Images/Chloroplasts_MC.low.jpg Chlorophyll – primary green pigment – found in chloroplasts Other Pigments – – – – http://i1-news.softpediastatic.com/images/news2/Plant-PigmentsEnhance-Iron-Absorption-2.jpg Yellow (squash) Orange (carrots) Red (tomatoes) Also seen in fall leaves http://www.betterbudgeting.com/images/ph03642i.jpg Photosynthesis = Energy! Light energy chemical energy kinetic energy! Light Photosynthesis Sugar Respiration Energy! FORMULA 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 carbon dioxide + water glucose + oxygen http://www.grographics.com/risd/DmInfoBre ath/1st-install/images/infobreath-mark.jpg http://extension.missouri.edu /xplor/agguides/hort/g06021. htm http://library.thinkquest.org/ C004535/media/pea_leaf_sto mata.gif http://www.hightechlandscapes.com/hig htechlandscapes/images/watering_plants .jpg http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/methuselah/photosynthesis.html# Photosynthesis Prose Adapted from PBS.org Photosynthesis, the trapper of light; it's needed for life to exist. Plants use the process to make food; without it most life would desist. The process begins with plain water but not from the tap does it flow. Some water is made within leaf cells and some is sucked up from below. With energy gained from sunlight, the Hs are stripped from each O. The oxygen atoms form twosomes, and out of the leaf they all go. Meanwhile CO2 has just entered through holes in the leaf called stomata. The gas is exhaled by Earth's creatures, including all vertebrata. But the plant has a goal that is bigger in scope- it's out to make food it can keep. It builds a big structure with C, H, and O; it's glucose, and boy is it sweet. Some folks get a kick from equations, which explain things by some kind of law. If by chance you are one of these people, then this explains what you just saw6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 CELLULAR ENERGETICS RESPIRATION Respiration ATP production from the breakdown of organic compounds Anaerobic Respiration – No oxygen – Occurs in cytoplasm Aerobic Respiration – Oxygen – Occurs in mitochondria The Respiration Formula C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide + water http://www.isleofprinting.co m/images/artsale/eat.jpg http://www.luckeygraphicdesi gn.com/newsite/inhale_sm.jpg http://www.grographics.com/risd/DmInfoBre ath/1st-install/images/infobreath-mark.jpg http://www.eons.com/images/ cms/7594_image_file_1.jpg 3 Main Stages of Respiration Glycolysis Kreb’s Cycle Electron Transport Chain ATP is made in 2 different ways during respiration… http://www.langara.bc.ca/biology/mario/Assets/pyruvatefate.jpg The Energy Promiseland: The Mitochondria ATP Oxygen ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP http://ebiomedia.com/prod/viz/Viz3.html PLANTS vs. ANIMALS Animals – Respiration ONLY Plants – Photosynthesis AND – Respiration – Have both chloroplasts AND mitochondria A Tour of the Cell The National Science Foundation Tour of the Cell http://www.nsf.gov/news/overviews/biology/interactive.jsp An amazing animation of the Inner Life of the Cell http://www.studiodaily.com/main/searchlist/6850.html Another Amazing Video – Flu Attacks! http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=114075029