Download Summary of the structures, which have to be known by dentistry

THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE ANATOMY-1 EXAM
FOR DENTISTRY STUDENTS
(Set up by dr. Tibor Hollósy, approved by dr. Pál Tóth)
2011
BONES
Students must
1. recognize all the bones and tell their proper anatomical name either in English
or in Latin,
2. know that a certain bone articulates with which other bone(s),
3. determine which side a certain bone does belong to,
4. be able to classify the bones,
5. know the three major parts of the long bones (epiphysises and diaphysis),
6. know the shape of joint surfaces and – where indicated – the names of them as
well.
Clavicle:
- sternalis/acromialis extremities,
- body, impression for costoclavicular ligament.
Scapula:
- sup., inf. angules, glenoid cavity, med., lat., sup. margins,
- spine of scapula, acromion, (sup.) scapular notch,
- supra- and infraspinatus fossae,
- supra- and infraglenoid tubercles.
Humerus:
- head of humerus, anatomical and surgical necks, greater and lesser tubercles,
- deltoid tuberosity, groove for the radial nerve (nerve in direct contact with bone!),
- capitulum of humerus, trochlea of humerus, med. and lat.epicondyles, groove for
the ulnar nerve.
Radius:
- head of radius and the shape of its two joint surfaces,
- radial tuberosity,
- styloid process of radius,
- the shape of the distal joint surface.
Ulna:
- olecranon, trochelar notch, radial notch,
- styloid process of ulna, head of ulna and the shape of its joint surface.
Carpal bones:
- identification of the four proximal and the four distal bones
- the shape of the common joint surface forming the male part of the wrist joint.
Metacarpal bones and the bones of the fingers:
- number of the differnt bones (prox., middle and distal phalanges,
- names of the first finger in Latin (pollex).
Vertebrae:
- types and the numbers of vertebrae on different parts of the vertebral column,
- main parts: body, arch, processes (transverse, sup. and inf. articular, spinous), a
transverse foramina of the cervical vertebrae and their importance,
- atlas, axis: recognition and position; fovea for dens (ant. arch instead of body!),
dens of axis, sup. and inf. articular surfaces of atlas, and the shape of all the joint
surfaces.
Pelvis, hip bone:
- The three parts of hip bone; ilum, ischium and pubis; their direction and position,
- ant. sup. iliac spine, iliac crest, ala of ilium, tuberosity of ilium, auricular surface,
- acetabulum, obturator foramen, pubic tubercle, ischial spine, ischial tuber(osity),
symphysial articular surface,
- border between greater and lesser pelves (linea terminalis),
- pelvic inclination, position of pelvis.
Sacrum:
- base, promontory, pelvic and dorsal surfaces,
- auricular surface of sacrum, sacral tuberosity,
- pelvic and dorsal sacral foramina (for the exits of spinal nerve branches).
Femur:
- head and neck of femur, greater and lesser tronchanters, pectineal linea, gluteal
tuberosity,
- med. and lat.condyles and epicondyles, the shape of the condyles,
- collodiaphyseal angle.
Tibia:
- med. et lat.condyles (joint surface below latter!), intercondylar eminence,
- anterior margin, med.malleolus, the shape of the distal articular surface.
Fibula:
- head of fibula with joint surface on it,
- lateral malleolus.
Tarsal bones:
- structeres necessary for the understanding of the plantar arches,
- identification of the seven tarsal bones, which other bones do they articulate,
-
talus: head and trochlea of talus, the shape of its joint surfaces,
calcaneus: calcaneal tuber(osity), sustentaculum tali, shape of the joint surfaces.
Metatarsal bones and the bones of the toes:
- number of the differnt bones (prox., middle and distal phalanges,
- name of the big toes in Latin (hallux).
Sternum:
- manubrium, body, angle (= level of 2nd rib!), xyphoid process.
Costa:
- true, false and floating ribs,
- head, neck, tubercle of rib, costal groove (sulcus),
- costal cartilages.
JOINTS
Students must
1. recognize all the joints and tell their proper anatomical name either in English or
in Latin,
2. know the general structure and components of the joints,
3. tell which bone articulates with which of the other bones,
4. be able to classify the joints,
5. know the names of the ligament of the shoulder, elbow, hip and knee joints only,
6. know the general features of the joint capsule (two layers!), no details are needed.
7. know the names, axes and planes of different movements without mentioning
angles, be able to demonstrate the movements on themselves.
Shoulder girdle:
- common movements in the sternoclavicular & acromioclavicular joint (how does
the clavicle move?) and their axes.
Shoulder, elbow, hip and knee joints:
- names and shapes of joint surfaces, names of ligaments,
- types of joints, names and axes of movements.
Wrist and ankle joints:
- types of joints, movements and axes, bones forming them (e.g. epiphysises of
fibula and tibia in the ankle joint!)
- carpal tunnel.
Joints of hand and foot:
- carpometacarpal joint of the thumb and talotarsal joints with their movements,
- all the other joints: just names and types.
Vertebral column:
-
types of connections between vertebrae with examples (syndesmoses,
synchondroses, synostoses, synovial joints),
structure of intervertebral disks (discus hernia!),
segments of vertebral column, curves and typical movements.
Thorax:
- superior and inferior apertures,
- names, types, common axis and movements of costovertebral joints (movements
of breathing),
- connections between sternum and ribs (true, false and floating ribs!).
Pelvis:
- bones of pelvis, connections between them (sacroiliac joints and its ligaments,
pubic symphysis),
- ligaments contributing to the wall (sacrospinous, sacrotuberous and inguinal
ligaments), obturator membrane,
- openings on the wall (obturator canal, greater and lesser schiatic foramina),
- borders of sup. and inf. apertures of true pelvis,
- no diameters (but it must be known that, during delivery, the head of the baby
goes through the true pelvis, and the way how the baby’s head turns at different
levels of it).
MUSCLES
Students must
1. know the names of all the muscles and be able to show them (except muscles of
the palm, sole, nuchal region and parts of erectror spinae muscle),
2. know the origin, insertion and action of the bigger muscles (see below marked by
„OI” - origin and insertion),
3. know muscle groups acting on joints and their nerve(s) (e.g. there are flexors and
extensors of elbow, or flexors, extensors of foot),
4. know the position of muscle groups on limbs,
5. be familar with the movements characteristic for muscle groups; in case of
bigger, more important msucles all the movements they make (see below marked
by ”M”),
6. know the name of fasciae covering muscle groups and the function of the the
fascia.
7. know the names and contents of spaces formed by muscles: axillary, cubital
fossae, triangular and quadrangular spaces, subinguinal hiatus, popliteal fossa,
supra- et infrapiriformis hiatuses, inguinal and adductor canals.
Trunk:
- axial musculature (no details, function: erect position of the spine),
- trapezius muscle (OIM),
- latissimus dorsi muscle (OIM),
-
rhomboid major and minor, levator scapulae muscles,
supra- et infraspinatus muscles (OIM),
teres major et minor muscles,
serratus ant. muscle (OIM),
triangular and quadrangular spaces (med. and lat. axillary hiatuses),
names of muscles of abdominal wall, rectus sheath (only that it exists and its
content),
inguinal canal (importance and content),
subinguinal hiatus.
Arm: (nerves innervating muscle groups!)
- pectoralis major et minor muscles (OIM),
- m. deltoideus muscle (OIM),
- biceps brachii muscle (OIM),
- coracobrachialis muscle,
- brachialis muscle (OIM),
- triceps brachii muscle (OIM).
Forearm:
- common origin, action and innervation of flexors and extensors as groups, muscle
compartments (superficial and deep flexor and extensor muscles),
- pronator teres muscle,
- flexor carpi radialis et ulnaris muscles,
- flexor digitorum spf. et prof. muscles,
- flexor pollicis longus muscle,
- pronator quadratus muscle,
- brachioradialis muscle,
- extensor carpi radialis longus et brevis muscles,
- extensor carpi ulnaris muscle,
- extensor digitorum et indicis muscles,
- abductor pollicis longus muscle and extensor pollicis longus and brevis muscles,
- supinator muscle.
Palm:
- no names of muscles, innervation: only the nerves contributing to it,
- palmar aponeurosis,
- thenar, mesothenar, hypothenar
Muscles of hip and thigh: (nerves innervating muscle groups!)
- gluteus maximus, medius (OIM) and minimus muscles,
- piriformis muscle, sup. et inf. gemellus muscles, obturator internus et externus
muscles, quadratus femoris muscle,
- iliopsoas muscle (OIM), sartorius (OIM) and quadriceps femoris muscles,
- gracilis, pectinues, adductor longus, -brevis and -magnus muscles,
- biceps femoris (OIM), semitendinosus and semimembranosus (OIM) muscles,
- subingunal hiatus and its lacunae, adductor canal.
Muscles of leg: (nerves innervating muscle groups!)
- tibialis ant. muscle, extensor hallucis longus and extensor digitorum longus
muscles,
- popliteus, triceps surae (OIM), tibialis post., felxor hallucis longus, flexor
digitorum longus muscles,
- peroneus longus et brevis muscles.
Back of foot:
- tendons of tibialis ant., extensor hallucis longus and extensor digitorum longus,
- extensor hallucis brevis and extensor digitorum brevis muscles.
Sole:
- plantar aponeurosis,
- medial, intermeder and lateral plantar eminences (no individual muscles).
NERVES
Students must
1. know the definition of all plexuses and their branches (except cutaneous nerves),
2. know the nerve(s) of muscle groups (also the exceptions, if any),.
3. know the course of the nerves and the vessels accompanying them (easy way of
memorization),
4. name the nerves the branches of which supply a certain area of skin (e.g. skin of
the palmar surface of forearm is innervated by branches from musculocutaneus
nerve and medial cord of brachial plexus, that of the dorsal surface by branches
from of radial nerve),
5. know the depth of cutaneous nerves (in the subcutaneous connective tissue,
frequently going together with superficial veins).
Brachial plexus:
- fascicles, their position and branches (except the cutaneous ones),
- ulnar, radial and median nerves: location and motor innervation (muscle groups),
- axillary nerve: deltoid muscle,
- thoracodorsal nerve: latissimus dorsi muscle,
- subscapular nerve: subscapularis muscle,
- area of supply of cutaneous branches (no names) from different nerves or
fascicles (e.g. median and ulnar nerves on the palm, radial and ulnar nerves on the
back of the hand with no strict borders between areas).
Lumbar plexus:
- branches (except the cutaneous ones),
-
femoral and obturator nerves: course and motor innervation (muscle groups),
Sciatic plexus:
- branches (except the cutaneous ones),
- schiatic, sup. and inf. gluteal nerves: course and motor innervation (muscle
groups),
- tibial, common- , superficial- and deep peroneal (fibular) nerves: course and
motor innervation (muscle groups),
- skin innervation on the back of the foot: branches of superficial and deep peroneal
nerves (no names and exact territories),
- sole: muscles and skin are innervated by branches of medial and lateral plantar
nerves.
VESSELS
Students must
1. recognize the major arteries of limbs, be able to name and show the arteries
suitable for palpating pulsation,
2. have a strong idea of the course and branchings of the arteries,
3. know the arteries supplying different muscle groups,
4. recognize the main superficial veins of limbs, their clinical significance and the
veins they drain into,
5. know the names of deep veins (similar to those of arteries!),
6. theoratically know big systems of lymph nodes with their area of drainage:
axillary, superficial and deep inguinal lymph nodes,
7. be able to define the sentinel lymph node.
Upper limb:
- axillary artery (from where till where) and its main branches: thoracoacromial,
subscapular and lateral thoracic arteries,
- brachial and deep brachial arteries,
- radial and ulnar arteries,
- superficial and deep palmar arches, their formation,
- cephalic and basilic veins, deep veins, dorsal venous network of hand.
Lower limb:
- femoral artery and its main branches: deep femoral artery (branches: medial and
lateral circumflex femoral arteries, perforating arteries),
- popliteal artery,
- anterior and posterior tibial arteries, peroneal (fibular) artery,
- dorsalis pedis artery,
- medial and lateral plantar arteries,
- superior and inferior gluteal arteries,
- great and small saphenous veins, deep veins, dorsal venous network of foot.