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Final Exam Review Slides For all levels to use Aspects of a Text • Central/Main Idea – The controlling idea that a piece of literature address; the big idea • Character Motivation – What drives a character to act • Inferences – Text/Book + Experience/Brain • Vocab in Context – Figuring out a words meaning based on how it is used in a piece of text Setting • Time and Place of action in a story. – Can be anything environmental! • Setting for Romeo and Juliet? • Setting for Night? • Setting for To Kill a Mockingbird? Characterization • The methods that a writer uses to develop a character You can describe a character’s: – physical traits – mental traits – speech, thoughts, feelings, DIRECT – told to you DIRECTLY on the page (you can see read the characteristic on the page) INDIRECT – you need to INFER through the characters thoughts, actions, feelings, other characters, etc. Plot • Sequence of events in a story. Falling Action Exposition Climax Rising Action * On the final, you’ll be asked what portion of the story is in the exposition or where is the climax of this story? - you need to understand order of events to figure this out! Exposition • Early part of the story – – – – Sets the tone Establishes the setting Introduces the characters Gives the reader important background information. – The event that starts the rising action and ends the exposition is called the inciting incident – Think when the Moishe and the other foreign Jews were deported. Static and Dynamic Characters • Static stays the same – Tybalt • Dynamic is different by the end – Elie Tone • The attitude the author takes toward a subject. – “ ‘Don’t talk back to me’ she shrieked.” – Lee’s tone when she is describing Bob Ewell on the stand (gives the reader Lee’s perspective on Ewell) – Honors - Golding’s tone while describing Simon’s death or Roger’s violent tendencies. Theme • The main idea of a work of literature • It is a perception/observation about life or human nature. It is not stated – it must be inferred. a.k.a. – “take home message” about the “big idea” Satire • A literary technique in which ideas or customs are ridiculed (made fun of) for the purpose of improving society. – Gently witty – Mildly abrasive – Bitterly critical – Used in allegories – (HONORS: Lord of the Flies) Irony • A special kind of contrast between appearance and reality – Situational Irony – contrast between what a reader or character expects and what actually happens. – Dramatic Irony – where a reader or viewer knows something the character does not. (***Romeo and Juliet) – Verbal irony – someone knowingly exaggerates or says one thing that means another. (Sarcasm) Mood • Meant to shape the reader’s emotional response – tone reflects and creates these feelings. • Mood – How YOU the reader feels/is supposed to feel after reading the piece of literature • If the word choice and subject matter is depressing, the MOOD is most likely sad or depressing Allegory • Symbolic story meant to teach a lesson or critique something in real life (Usually moral or political lessons) • HONORS: Which literary work was an allegory? Point of View (Narrator) • First person – narrator is an actual character in the story and refers to him/her/itself as “I,” “me,” etc. • Second person – Commands or instructions; uses pronouns like “you” • Third person limited – narrator is a voice outside of the story and doesn’t know the inner thoughts or feelings of the characters or is limited to a few • Third person omniscient – narrator is a voice outside of the story and knows the thoughts and feelings of the majority of major characters Conflict • External – happens with a force outside of the character • Internal – happens within a character; mental struggles • Character v. character • Character v. society • Character v. nature • Character v. self • Emotional & moral struggles Personification • Giving human qualities/actions to non-human things, objects, ideas, etc. • NOT GIVING ANIMAL QUALITIES TO HUMANS • Example – The babbling brook trickled through the forest, laughing at every twist and turn. Hyperbole • An exaggeration used for humor or emphasis • Example: “My bounty is a boundless as the sea” – Juliet Parallelism • Similar sentence structure, grammar – a few changes to emphasize a point • Like father, like son • Easy come, easy go Literary Criticism • Writing about a piece of literature and its effects, value, etc. • Foot notes – Little numbers in the reading after words that are difficult – the definitions are at the bottom of the page – USE THEM!!! • Author’s Purpose – The reason or intended reason for writing a piece of literature (TKaM and the Civil Rights Movement) Rhyme Scheme • The pattern of end rhyme in a stanza of poetry • • • • • • Weary Lore Tapping Door Door More a b c b b b Alliteration • The repetition of consonant sounds at the beginnings of words. The angels, not half so happy, in Heaven, Went envying her and me; - Poe Soliloquy • A speech where characters speak their thoughts aloud…allowing the audience to understand their thought process. Other characters can’t hear it! • ROMEO & JULIET Allusion • An indirect reference to another literary work or to a famous person, place or event. (See Night notes) Foreshadowing • A writer’s use of hints/clues to indicate events and situations that will occur later in the plot. When do we see foreshadowing in “Romeo and Juliet”? Simile A figure of speech that makes a comparison between two things using the word like or as. Example: My love is like the red, red rose. Metaphor (REGULAR & EXTENDED) • A figure of speech that compares two unlike things without using like or as. (typically uses linking verbs like “is” “was” “were”.) • Regular – short, one line or sentence Extended – happens over a few lines, pages, or story All the world’s a stage, And all the men and women merely players - William Shakespeare (REGULAR) Couplet • A rhymed pair of lines I was angry with my foe I told it not, my wrath did grow - William Blake Look for the pair! A A Onomatopoeia • Buzz, Pow, Crunch --- words that sound suggest meaning! Eyelid and lash were seared; The piercing ball hissed broiling -The Odyssey Iambic Pentameter A line of poetry Five Feet (Penta) or units (10 syllables per line) Unstressed then Stressed pattern Two HOUSEholds BOTH aLIKE in DIGniTY In FAIR veRONa WHERE we LAY our SCENE On the final – you’ll be given lines from “Romeo and Juliet” and be asked which one is or is not an example of iambic pentameter. What is the first step to figuring this out??? Blank Verse • Unrhymed poetry written in iambic pentameter But soft! What light through yonder window breaks? It is the East, and Juliet is the sun! On the final, you’ll be asked to identify an example of blank verse. Where do you look to figure this out? Stanza • A group of lines in poetry that are separated by spaces • Equal to paragraphs in writing Repetition • Words, phrases, ideas, etc. being repeated for emphasis • Usually for things that are important • Example “Oh Romeo, Romeo, wherefore are thou, Romeo?” Hyperbole • An exaggeration for humor or emphasis • Example: There lies more peril in thine eye than twenty of their swords. Sonnet • 14 lines of iambic pentameter • Shakespeare’s poetry • Example: Prologue of Romeo and Juliet Capulets! • • • • • • • • Lord Capulet Lady Capulet Juliet Tybalt Nurse Peter Sampson Gregory Montagues • • • • • • Lord Montague Lady Montague Romeo Benvolio Balthasar Abram Themes of Romeo and Juliet • Humans can be good and evil at the same time • Violence as a solution to problems • The effects of love • The value of friendship There could be others – just think: is there evidence for the theme across the plays. Dramatic Irony (R&J) • When the audience knows something that the characters/actors do not • For example: • Juliet’s not really dead when Romeo shows up Character Motivations • Romeo and Juliet are motivated by their love for one another • Juliet’s parents are motivated to have her married • Romeo is motivated to avenge Mercutio’s death • Many, many more! To Kill a Mockingbird • Narrator: Scout – First Person Narrator – We see everything first hand though her perspective, but we don’t know what others are thinking • Set in the 1930s; written during the 1960s and the Civil Rights Movement – Wanted to critique the racism that was still prevalent in the South in the 1960s • Themes: Loss of innocence, Integrity and honor, Prejudice and racism, AS WELL AS OTHERS Symbols • Mockingbird = Innocence • Tim Johnson (dog) = Maycomb’s disease/racism • The Trial = Ignorance • Any others? Characters • Protagonists: Atticus (integrity), Scout and Jem (innocence) • Dill (Innocence, creative) • Ewells: Bob and Mayella (White trash) • Tom Robinson (Innocence and victimization) • Boo Radley (Innocence and misconceptions) Lord of the Flies • Allegory – – Can read on the literal and allegorical level, critiquing morality and politics. • Author: William Golding • Symbols – objects or people that stand for a larger idea, concept, etc. Conch – Law and order Piggy’s glasses – Survival Fire – Rescue/Destruction Roger – Evil/Violence Ralph – Democracy/Society Jack –Dictatorship/Violence Piggy – Intellect/Reason Simon – Spirituality/Nature Lord of the Flies – Themes • • • • • Man is naturally evil when given the opportunity to be Intellect and spirituality cannot exist in a dictatorship Importance of law and order in society The corrupting nature of power The loss of innocence • Just a few examples – think logically! Was there evidence of the theme in the novel? Night - Themes • Struggle to keep faith • Silence • Inhumanity towards others • Father and son bonds • Night Night – Genre & Point of View • It’s FIRST PERSON point of view… – Advantages – Personal experience, live the moment – Limitations – Only the one person’s perspective • Meant to expose the inhumanity of the Nazi’s during the Holocaust in order to prevent similar tragedies in the future • It’s a memoir… Animal Farm • It is a historical allegory – The characters symbolize people involved in the Russian Revolution • Napoleon – Stalin • Moses the Raven – Religion • Farmer Jones – Czar Nicholas Propaganda Techniques • Slanting or Card-Stacking - Providing only facts, statistics, or arguments that benefit a particular point of view. • Bandwagon - Appealing to people’s desire to belong to a group or be a part of the majority. • Red Herring – Using someone or something to distract or divert attention from the real issue • Humble Servant – An individual who presents himself or herself as a “humble servant” wants people to believe he/she is dedicated to serving the public and helping others. Propaganda Techniques • Scapegoating – Singling out a certain group or individual and blaming that group or individual for the current problems. This distracts people from blaming those who are truly at fault. • Glittering Generalities – The opposite of “Name Calling;” Using vague terms that sound wonderful but have little substance or meaning. • Name Calling – The opposite of “Glittering Generalities;” Using offensive names to win an argument or distract from the real issue. • Doublespeak – Using language that is meant to deceive through the concealment or misrepresentation of the truth. Napoleon’s Other Tactics • Fear • Manipulation • Threat of violence Some themes of Animal Farm • • • • • • • • Leadership and Corruption Control over the Intellectually Inferior Rules and Order Violence The corrupting side of power Human nature’s need for a class system The danger of being uneducated Propaganda Verbals! – you’ll be asked to find any verbal. Gerunds (Phrases) *End with –ing *Act like nouns/Replace Pronouns Infinitives (Phrases) *Starts w/ TO *Noun, adj, adv *Think replacements Participles *Only act like adjectives *End in –ing or –ed * May end with irregular verb endings * Can be removed Gerund Phrase (Verbal) A gerund is a verb form that ends in – ing and acts like a noun. Regular Verb --- I swim every morning. Gerund --- He loves swimming. Gerund Phrase – He loves swimming in the ocean. No special punctuation rules – treat them as a noun! Infinitive Phrase (Verbal) • An infinitive is a verb form, usually beginning with the word TO, that can act as a noun, an adjective or an adverb. • Infinitive--- More and more women are learning to golf. • Infinitive Phrase --To make a living as a golfer is no easy task. No special punctuation rules – treat them as their parts of speech! DON’T CONFUSE WITH PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES!!!! Participial Phrase (Verbal) • A participle is a verb form that acts as an adjective. It modifies a noun or a pronoun. Played for more than 100 years, high school football has a rich tradition. Large crowds attend games featuring rival schools. Inhaling the sweet sharp air through his nostrils, he was afraid to open his mouth wide. When it is used as an introductory phrase, it is followed by a comma. Clauses • Independent Clause – expresses a complete thought (can stand on its own). Genes contain the code for your physical appearance • Subordinate/Dependent Clause – contains a subject and a verb, but does not complete a thought. That determines your height. Because inherited traits often skip a generation. If a subordinate clause begins a sentence, it needs to be followed by a comma! Clauses • Adverb Clause A subordinate clause that modifies a verb, an adjective, or an adverb. Most children leave home when the time is right. Many are marrying later in life than their parents did. Adverb Clause • Starts with: (subordinating conjunctions) after as long as because since unless whenever while although as soon as before so that until where in order that as as if as though if than though when wherever Introductory Adverb Clause • If an adverb clause begins a sentence, it needs to be followed by a comma. If you are going to see a really good movie, call me. Adjective Clause • A subordinate clause that is used as an adjective (modifies a noun) A family is more than a group of people who are related. “Will begin with a relative pronoun” (See your notes!) Whose Who Whom That What Which When Where Why Which Remember: These relative pronouns include their “-ever” and “-soever” forms! Nonessential Adjective Clauses • If an adjective clause is nonessential (a.k.a. not needed), it needs to be surrounded by commas. • Think – Is the adjective clause more specific than what/who it describes? Laughter erupted from the girl who hiccupped for seven hours afterward. James, who has studied piano for years, is an accomplished songwriter. Noun Clause • A subordinate clause that acts like a person, place or thing. They know exactly what drives me crazy. My parents tell whoever is loudest to quiet down. We encourage each other in whatever ways we can. Noun Clauses • Grammatical Function – anything that a noun can do – a noun clause can! – Subject – Predicate nominative – Direct Object – Indirect object – Object of a preposition Most common introductory words for a noun clause: • • • • • • • That Which What Whether Whatever Who When • • • • • • Whoever Where Whomever If How Why Types of Sentences • A simple sentence – One independent clause – No subordinate clauses Most TV family shows idealize family life. • A compound sentence – Two or more independent clauses The father worked, and the mother stayed at home with the children. Remember: FANBOYS or “;” Types of Sentences • Complex Sentences – One independent clause and one or more subordinate clauses. A 1970s sitcom called The Brady Bunch featured a blended family that consisted of two of the original parents, three girls, and three boys. Compound-Complex Sentence • Two or more independent clauses • One or more subordinate clauses Each week the show broke new ground, and as the actors tackled one sensitive subject after another, the show quickly became the number one program on television. The rules of a compound sentence combined with the rules of a complex sentence. GOOD LUCK! – Remember to APPLY the terms – Remember two # 2 pencils – Get a good breakfast – Sleep well! – All textbooks, novels, and vocab books must be returned BEFORE you take the final!