Download Final Exam Review Slides

Final Exam Review Slides
For all levels to use
Aspects of a Text
• Central/Main Idea – The controlling idea that
a piece of literature address; the big idea
• Character Motivation – What drives a
character to act
• Inferences – Text/Book + Experience/Brain
• Vocab in Context – Figuring out a words
meaning based on how it is used in a piece of
text
Setting
• Time and Place of action in a story.
– Can be anything environmental!
• Setting for Romeo and Juliet?
• Setting for Night?
• Setting for To Kill a Mockingbird?
Characterization
• The methods that a writer uses to develop a character
You can describe a character’s:
– physical traits
– mental traits
– speech, thoughts, feelings,
DIRECT – told to you DIRECTLY on the page (you can see read
the characteristic on the page)
INDIRECT – you need to INFER through the characters
thoughts, actions, feelings, other characters, etc.
Plot
• Sequence of events in a story.
Falling Action
Exposition
Climax
Rising Action
* On the final, you’ll be asked what portion of the story is in the exposition or where is
the climax of this story? - you need to understand order of events to figure this out!
Exposition
• Early part of the story
–
–
–
–
Sets the tone
Establishes the setting
Introduces the characters
Gives the reader important background information.
– The event that starts the rising action and ends the
exposition is called the inciting incident – Think when
the Moishe and the other foreign Jews were
deported.
Static and Dynamic Characters
• Static stays the same – Tybalt
• Dynamic is different by the end – Elie
Tone
• The attitude the author takes toward a
subject.
– “ ‘Don’t talk back to me’ she shrieked.”
– Lee’s tone when she is describing Bob Ewell on
the stand (gives the reader Lee’s perspective on
Ewell)
– Honors - Golding’s tone while describing Simon’s
death or Roger’s violent tendencies.
Theme
• The main idea of a work of literature
• It is a perception/observation about life or
human nature.
It is not stated – it must be inferred.
a.k.a. – “take home message” about
the “big idea”
Satire
• A literary technique in which ideas or customs
are ridiculed (made fun of) for the purpose of
improving society.
– Gently witty
– Mildly abrasive
– Bitterly critical
– Used in allegories – (HONORS: Lord of the Flies)
Irony
• A special kind of contrast between
appearance and reality
– Situational Irony – contrast between what a
reader or character expects and what actually
happens.
– Dramatic Irony – where a reader or viewer knows
something the character does not. (***Romeo
and Juliet)
– Verbal irony – someone knowingly exaggerates or
says one thing that means another. (Sarcasm)
Mood
• Meant to shape the reader’s emotional response
– tone reflects and creates these feelings.
• Mood – How YOU the reader feels/is supposed to
feel after reading the piece of literature
• If the word choice and subject matter is
depressing, the MOOD is most likely sad or
depressing
Allegory
• Symbolic story meant to teach a lesson or
critique something in real life (Usually moral
or political lessons)
• HONORS: Which literary work was an
allegory?
Point of View (Narrator)
• First person – narrator is an actual character in the story and refers
to him/her/itself as “I,” “me,” etc.
• Second person – Commands or instructions; uses pronouns like
“you”
• Third person limited – narrator is a voice outside of the story and
doesn’t know the inner thoughts or feelings of the characters or is
limited to a few
• Third person omniscient – narrator is a voice outside of the story
and knows the thoughts and feelings of the majority of major
characters
Conflict
• External – happens with
a force outside of the
character
• Internal – happens
within a character;
mental struggles
• Character v. character
• Character v. society
• Character v. nature
• Character v. self
• Emotional & moral
struggles
Personification
• Giving human qualities/actions to non-human
things, objects, ideas, etc.
• NOT GIVING ANIMAL QUALITIES TO HUMANS
• Example – The babbling brook trickled
through the forest, laughing at every twist and
turn.
Hyperbole
• An exaggeration used for humor or emphasis
• Example:
“My bounty is a boundless as the sea” – Juliet
Parallelism
• Similar sentence structure, grammar – a few
changes to emphasize a point
• Like father, like son
• Easy come, easy go
Literary Criticism
• Writing about a piece of literature and its effects,
value, etc.
• Foot notes – Little numbers in the reading after
words that are difficult – the definitions are at the
bottom of the page – USE THEM!!!
• Author’s Purpose – The reason or intended
reason for writing a piece of literature (TKaM and
the Civil Rights Movement)
Rhyme Scheme
• The pattern of end rhyme in a stanza of poetry
•
•
•
•
•
•
Weary
Lore
Tapping
Door
Door
More
a
b
c
b
b
b
Alliteration
• The repetition of consonant sounds at the
beginnings of words.
The angels, not half so happy, in Heaven,
Went envying her and me; - Poe
Soliloquy
• A speech where characters speak their
thoughts aloud…allowing the audience to
understand their thought process. Other
characters can’t hear it!
• ROMEO & JULIET
Allusion
• An indirect reference to another literary work
or to a famous person, place or event. (See
Night notes)
Foreshadowing
• A writer’s use of hints/clues to indicate events
and situations that will occur later in the plot.
When do we see
foreshadowing in
“Romeo and Juliet”?
Simile
A figure of speech that makes a comparison
between two things using the word like or as.
Example: My love is like the red, red rose.
Metaphor (REGULAR & EXTENDED)
• A figure of speech that compares two unlike
things without using like or as. (typically uses
linking verbs like “is” “was” “were”.)
• Regular – short, one line or sentence
Extended – happens over a few lines, pages, or
story
All the world’s a stage,
And all the men and women merely players
- William Shakespeare
(REGULAR)
Couplet
• A rhymed pair of lines
I was angry with my foe
I told it not, my wrath did grow
- William Blake
Look for the pair!
A
A
Onomatopoeia
• Buzz, Pow, Crunch --- words that sound
suggest meaning!
Eyelid and lash were seared;
The piercing ball hissed broiling
-The Odyssey
Iambic Pentameter
A line of poetry
Five Feet (Penta) or units (10 syllables per line)
Unstressed then Stressed pattern
Two HOUSEholds BOTH aLIKE in DIGniTY
In FAIR veRONa WHERE we LAY our SCENE
On the final – you’ll be given lines from “Romeo and
Juliet” and be asked which one is or is not an example
of iambic pentameter. What is the first step to
figuring this out???
Blank Verse
• Unrhymed poetry written in iambic pentameter
But soft! What light through yonder window
breaks?
It is the East, and Juliet is the sun!
On the final, you’ll be asked to identify an example
of blank verse. Where do you look to figure this
out?
Stanza
• A group of lines in poetry that are separated
by spaces
• Equal to paragraphs in
writing
Repetition
• Words, phrases, ideas, etc. being repeated for
emphasis
• Usually for things that are important
• Example “Oh Romeo, Romeo, wherefore are
thou, Romeo?”
Hyperbole
• An exaggeration for humor or emphasis
• Example: There lies more peril in thine eye
than twenty of their swords.
Sonnet
• 14 lines of iambic pentameter
• Shakespeare’s poetry
• Example: Prologue of Romeo and Juliet
Capulets!
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Lord Capulet
Lady Capulet
Juliet
Tybalt
Nurse
Peter
Sampson
Gregory
Montagues
•
•
•
•
•
•
Lord Montague
Lady Montague
Romeo
Benvolio
Balthasar
Abram
Themes of Romeo and Juliet
• Humans can be good and evil at the same
time
• Violence as a solution to problems
• The effects of love
• The value of friendship
There could be others – just think: is there
evidence for the theme across the plays.
Dramatic Irony (R&J)
• When the audience knows something that the
characters/actors do not
• For example:
• Juliet’s not really dead when Romeo shows up
Character Motivations
• Romeo and Juliet are motivated by their love for
one another
• Juliet’s parents are motivated to have her
married
• Romeo is motivated to avenge Mercutio’s death
• Many, many more!
To Kill a Mockingbird
• Narrator: Scout – First Person Narrator
– We see everything first hand though her perspective,
but we don’t know what others are thinking
• Set in the 1930s; written during the 1960s and
the Civil Rights Movement
– Wanted to critique the racism that was still prevalent
in the South in the 1960s
• Themes: Loss of innocence, Integrity and honor,
Prejudice and racism, AS WELL AS OTHERS
Symbols
• Mockingbird = Innocence
• Tim Johnson (dog) = Maycomb’s disease/racism
• The Trial = Ignorance
• Any others?
Characters
• Protagonists: Atticus (integrity), Scout and Jem
(innocence)
• Dill (Innocence, creative)
• Ewells: Bob and Mayella (White trash)
• Tom Robinson (Innocence and victimization)
• Boo Radley (Innocence and misconceptions)
Lord of the Flies
• Allegory –
– Can read on the literal and allegorical level, critiquing
morality and politics.
• Author: William Golding
• Symbols – objects or people that stand for a
larger idea, concept, etc.
Conch – Law and order
Piggy’s glasses – Survival
Fire – Rescue/Destruction
Roger – Evil/Violence
Ralph – Democracy/Society
Jack –Dictatorship/Violence
Piggy – Intellect/Reason
Simon – Spirituality/Nature
Lord of the Flies
– Themes
•
•
•
•
•
Man is naturally evil when given the opportunity to be
Intellect and spirituality cannot exist in a dictatorship
Importance of law and order in society
The corrupting nature of power
The loss of innocence
• Just a few examples – think logically! Was there
evidence of the theme in the novel?
Night - Themes
• Struggle to keep faith
• Silence
• Inhumanity towards others
• Father and son bonds
• Night
Night – Genre & Point of View
• It’s FIRST PERSON point of view…
– Advantages – Personal experience, live the moment
– Limitations – Only the one person’s perspective
• Meant to expose the inhumanity of the Nazi’s
during the Holocaust in order to prevent similar
tragedies in the future
• It’s a memoir…
Animal Farm
• It is a historical allegory – The characters
symbolize people involved in the Russian
Revolution
• Napoleon – Stalin
• Moses the Raven – Religion
• Farmer Jones – Czar Nicholas
Propaganda Techniques
• Slanting or Card-Stacking - Providing only facts, statistics, or
arguments that benefit a particular point of view.
• Bandwagon - Appealing to people’s desire to belong to a
group or be a part of the majority.
• Red Herring – Using someone or something to distract or
divert attention from the real issue
• Humble Servant – An individual who presents himself or
herself as a “humble servant” wants people to believe he/she
is dedicated to serving the public and helping others.
Propaganda Techniques
• Scapegoating – Singling out a certain group or individual and
blaming that group or individual for the current problems.
This distracts people from blaming those who are truly at
fault.
• Glittering Generalities – The opposite of “Name Calling;”
Using vague terms that sound wonderful but have little
substance or meaning.
• Name Calling – The opposite of “Glittering Generalities;”
Using offensive names to win an argument or distract from
the real issue.
• Doublespeak – Using language that is meant to deceive
through the concealment or misrepresentation of the truth.
Napoleon’s Other Tactics
• Fear
• Manipulation
• Threat of violence
Some themes of Animal Farm
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Leadership and Corruption
Control over the Intellectually Inferior
Rules and Order
Violence
The corrupting side of power
Human nature’s need for a class system
The danger of being uneducated
Propaganda
Verbals! – you’ll be asked to find any
verbal.
Gerunds (Phrases)
*End with –ing
*Act like nouns/Replace
Pronouns
Infinitives (Phrases)
*Starts w/ TO
*Noun, adj, adv
*Think replacements
Participles
*Only act like adjectives
*End in –ing or –ed
* May end with irregular verb endings
* Can be removed
Gerund Phrase (Verbal)
A gerund is a verb form that ends in – ing and acts
like a noun.
Regular Verb --- I swim every morning.
Gerund --- He loves swimming.
Gerund Phrase – He loves swimming in the ocean.
No special punctuation rules – treat them as a
noun!
Infinitive Phrase (Verbal)
• An infinitive is a verb form, usually beginning
with the word TO, that can act as a noun, an
adjective or an adverb.
• Infinitive--- More and more women are learning
to golf.
• Infinitive Phrase --To make a living as a golfer is no easy task.
No special punctuation rules – treat them as their parts of speech!
DON’T CONFUSE WITH PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES!!!!
Participial Phrase (Verbal)
• A participle is a verb form that acts as an
adjective. It modifies a noun or a pronoun.
Played for more than 100 years, high school
football has a rich tradition.
Large crowds attend games featuring rival schools.
Inhaling the sweet sharp air through his nostrils, he
was afraid to open his mouth wide.
When it is used as an introductory phrase, it is
followed by a comma.
Clauses
• Independent Clause – expresses a complete
thought (can stand on its own).
Genes contain the code for your physical appearance
• Subordinate/Dependent Clause – contains a
subject and a verb, but does not complete a
thought.
That determines your height.
Because inherited traits often skip a generation.
If a subordinate clause begins a sentence, it needs to be followed by
a comma!
Clauses
• Adverb Clause
A subordinate clause that modifies a verb, an
adjective, or an adverb.
Most children leave home when the time is right.
Many are marrying later in life than their parents
did.
Adverb Clause
• Starts with: (subordinating conjunctions)
after
as long as
because
since
unless
whenever
while
although
as soon as
before
so that
until
where
in order that
as
as if
as though
if
than
though
when
wherever
Introductory Adverb Clause
• If an adverb clause begins a sentence, it needs
to be followed by a comma.
If you are going to see a really good movie, call
me.
Adjective Clause
• A subordinate clause that is used as an
adjective (modifies a noun)
A family is more than a group of people who are
related.
“Will begin with a relative pronoun”
(See your notes!)
Whose
Who
Whom
That
What
Which
When
Where
Why
Which
Remember: These relative pronouns include their
“-ever” and “-soever” forms!
Nonessential Adjective Clauses
• If an adjective clause is nonessential (a.k.a. not
needed), it needs to be surrounded by commas.
• Think – Is the adjective clause more specific than
what/who it describes?
Laughter erupted from the girl who hiccupped for seven
hours afterward.
James, who has studied piano for years, is an
accomplished songwriter.
Noun Clause
• A subordinate clause that acts like a person,
place or thing.
They know exactly what drives me crazy.
My parents tell whoever is loudest to quiet
down.
We encourage each other in whatever ways we
can.
Noun Clauses
• Grammatical Function – anything that a noun
can do – a noun clause can!
– Subject
– Predicate nominative
– Direct Object
– Indirect object
– Object of a preposition
Most common introductory words for
a noun clause:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
That
Which
What
Whether
Whatever
Who
When
•
•
•
•
•
•
Whoever
Where
Whomever
If
How
Why
Types of Sentences
• A simple sentence
– One independent clause
– No subordinate clauses
Most TV family shows idealize family life.
• A compound sentence
– Two or more independent clauses
The father worked, and the mother stayed at home
with the children.
Remember: FANBOYS or “;”
Types of Sentences
• Complex Sentences
– One independent clause and one or more
subordinate clauses.
A 1970s sitcom called The Brady Bunch featured
a blended family that consisted of two of the
original parents, three girls, and three boys.
Compound-Complex Sentence
• Two or more independent clauses
• One or more subordinate clauses
Each week the show broke new ground, and as the
actors tackled one sensitive subject after
another, the show quickly became the number
one program on television.
The rules of a compound sentence combined with
the rules of a complex sentence.
GOOD LUCK!
– Remember to APPLY the terms
– Remember two # 2 pencils
– Get a good breakfast
– Sleep well!
– All textbooks, novels, and vocab books must be
returned BEFORE you take the final!