Download Parts of Speech, Word Order, and Capitalization

Eight Parts of Speech
NOUNS
VERBS
ADVERBS
CONJUNCTIONS
PRONOUNS
ADJECTIVES
PREPOSITIONS
INTERJECTIONS
Nouns
 Nouns are naming words. They may name persons,
animals, plants, places, things, substances, qualities, or
ideas.
 They are often pointed out by noun indicators (a, an,
the). These indicators signal that a noun is ahead,
although there may be words between the indicator
and the noun itself.
 Examples: the book
the big book
a pen
a blue pen
an apple
a red apple
Pronouns
 Used in the place of nouns, usually to avoid repetition
 Some common pronouns: I, you, he, she, they, it
 Example:
Najla went to the supermarket. She bought some
groceries.
Verbs
 There are 3 types of verbs:
 1. Action verbs (He walks, she plays, they run)
 2. Being Verbs (I am, he is, they are)
 3. Helping verbs (she can play, we should wait)
Adjectives
 Modify or describe nouns and pronouns.
 Example: Maryam is smart.
 Example 2: He is tall.
Adverbs
 Modify or describe verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs.
 Example 1: Samar walks slowly. (describes verb)
 Example 2: He is very intelligent. (describes adjective)
 Example 3: Mohammad runs really quickly. (describes
another adverb)
Prepositions
 It is a word, or group of words that functions as a
connective. It is usually in terms of place, time, and
position.
 Examples:
1. The pen is on the table. (in terms of position).
2. The children went to school on Monday. (in terms of
place, and in terms of time)
3. I study at Qatar University. (in terms of place)
Conjunctions
 Connect and show a relationship between words,
phrases, or clauses.
 There are 2 types of conjunctions:
1.
Coordinating conjunctions: (FANBOYS)- for, and,
nor, but, or, yet, so.
2. Subordinating conjunctions: since, because, until,
when, etc..
Coordinating Conjunctions
 They are usually used to connect words, phrases, and
clauses of equal rank: noun with noun, adjective with
adjective, verb with verb, phrase with phrase, main
clause with main clause, and subordinate clause with
subordinate clause.
 Examples:
1. Bring a pencil and paper. (two nouns)
2. Did she go to the store or to the game? (two phrases)
3. Maha had a headache, so she didn’t sleep well last
night. (two main clauses)
Subordinating Conjunctions
 Connect dependent clauses with main clauses
 Examples:
 Dependent clause comes before the main clause.
Although she was in pain, she stayed in the game.
2. Because he was hungry, he ate a sandwich.
 Dependent clause comes after the main clause.
1. She stayed in the game although she was in pain.
2. He ate a sandwich because he was hungry.
1.
Interjections
 Interjections convey strong emotions or surprise. It is
usually punctuated with an exclamation mark.
 Examples:
 Wow! Help! Awesome! Oops! Yikes!
 However, when it appears as part of a sentences, an
interjection is usually followed by a comma.
 Example: Oh, I did not consider that problem.
In-Class Practice Exercises
 Solve the exercises in the worksheets provided.
Identify the part of speech of each
Italicized word or group of words
 The turtle can be defined as a reptile with a shell.
Turtle: noun
b. With: preposition
a.
 It is a toothless creature that can smell and see well.
Toothless: adjective
b. Can smell: verb
a.
 Some live mostly in the water, whereas others live
mostly in places as dry as the desert.
Mostly: adverb
b. In: preposition
a.
 They need both sunlight and shade.
They: Pronoun
b. And: Conjunction
a.
WORD ORDER
ENGLISH WORD ORDER
ARABIC WORD ORDER
 SUBJECT/ VERB/ OBJECT
 VERB/ SUBJECT/ OBJECT
 Example:
 Example:
The boy ate the apple.
‫أكل الولد التفاحة‬
WORD ORDER
SUBJECT
VERB
OBJECT
I
play
football.
Ali
reads
books.
We
can speak
English.
Miss Lina
is singing
a nice song.
WORD ORDER
Time
Subject
Verb
Object
I
have
breakfast in the kitchen.
They
play
handball
My friend is swimming
Every
Saturday
Place
Peter
watches
in the gym
Time
every Monday.
in the pool.
TV
at home.
•Expressions of time can be put at the beginning or the end of a statement.
• At the end of the sentence: Place before Time
•NEVER put Place or Time between Verb and Object
WORD ORDER
Adverb
of time
Yesterday
Adverb
Subject
of
infinite
time
Verb
Adverb Adverb
Object
of
of place
Manner
Adverb
of time
Nick
bought
a piano
in
London
Nick
bought
a piano
in
yesterday
London
He
bought
a piano
He
practiced
hard
at
school
In the
morning
he
always
has
lessons
at
school
After
dinner
he
usually
meets
a
friend
at the
movies
yesterday
In-Class Practice Exercises
 Solve the exercises in the worksheets provided.
Word Order Practice
 Which of the sentences below shows correct English word order?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
a. She speaks well English.
b. She speaks English well.
a. He in the living room sat.
b. He sat in the living room.
a. That is my pen. Give to me it.
b. That is my pen. Give it to me.
a. You played yesterday very well.
b. You played very well yesterday.
a. I sometimes play tennis on Sunday.
b. I play sometimes tennis on Sunday.
Arrange these words to make a
complete sentence
 sell / flowers / we .
→ We sell flowers.
 you / see / me / can ?
→ Can you see me?
 buy / milk / he / wants to .
→He wants to buy milk.
 feed / you / my / cat / can ?
→ Can you feed my cat?
 Shaikha/ Villagio / going to/ is/ today .
→ Shaikha is going to Villagio today.
 Basketball/ every Monday/ play/ we/ at school .
→ Every Monday we play Basketball at school.
CAPITALIZATION RULES
Capitalize the first letter of the word at the beginning of
each sentence. (Example: Nada went to the supermarket.
She bought some food.)
2. Capitalize the personal pronoun “I” (Example: Sara and I
are going to the movies today.)
3. Capitalize the first letter of the names of people, streets,
countries, cities, and brands (Example: Omar, Al Waab,
Qatar, Doha, Adidas/Gucci)
4. Capitalize the first letter of the names of days of the
week, months, and holidays (Example: Wednesday,
December, Ramadan)
5. Capitalize titles of address like Mr. for mister, Dr. for
doctor etc.. (more examples: Mrs./ Ms.)
1.
More Rules on Capitalization
1.
2.
3.
4.
Capitalize the first letter of the names of languages,
nationalities, and religions. (Example: Arabic/English,
Qatari/American, Islam/Christianity)
Capitalize the first word in a direct quotation.(Example:
Ahmad said, “The students need more help with their writing
assignments.” OR “The students,” Ahmad said, “need more
help with their writing assignments.”)
Capitalize family relationships when used instead of proper
names. (Example: I went to visit my Uncle Ahmad and Aunt
Fatma).
In titles (of books or papers), capitalize the first, last, and
important words. Do not capitalize articles, prepositions, or
conjunctions unless the title begins with them. (Example: War
and Peace, The Prophet, Catcher in the Rye)
In-Class Practice Exercises
 Solve the exercises in the worksheets provided.
Capitalization Exercises
 Correct the following sentences by capitalizing the words
where needed.
1. last year, some students at qatar university got to attend
the linguistics in the gulf conference, organized by the
english department.
2. on sunday, tamara came late to class, so her professor, dr.
waleed tabbara, wouldn’t let her in.
3. americans all over the world celebrate the 4th of july.
4. did you know lulwa was born on september 12, 1992 in
doha, qatar?
5. my favorite play is julius caesar by william shakespeare. i
also like oscar wilde’s the importance of being earnest.
Sources
 Sentences, Paragraphs, and Beyond: with
Integrated Readings. By Lee Brandon and Kelly
Brandon
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