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INTRODUCTION P HYSICAL S CIENCE 76 ENGINEERING Stem 190.2 On a Shoestring Earthquake Science Have you ever wanted to build a structure that can withstand the violent shaking of an earthquake? With the use of simple everyday items, you can. Use engineering skills to build a structure that will stand when the shaking of an earthquake begins, and will allow you to test your ability to design and re-design structures that can withstand an earthquake no matter where you live. QUICK GUIDE: Prep Time: 20-30 minutes Activity Time: 2 to 3 hours Est. Cost: $10 to $25 depending on group size Age range: 4 years – adult OKLAHOMA AFTERSCHOOL NETWORK 190.2 Os smium 13 26.96 Al 69.72 Ga Gallium Os smium 27 58.93 Co Cobalt 76 Stem 190.2 On a Shoestring Aluminum 31 190.2 P HYSICAL S CIENCE E NGINEERING Earthquake Science Earthquakes happen all over the world. 26.9 Al Aluminum 40 91.22 Zr Zirconium Learn the science behind earthquakes with this activity using toothpicks and marshmallows! 25 54.94 Mn Manganese All Shook Up Things You Need 30 miniature marshmallows Directions This activity includes making models of buildings and conducting an experiment to test how well the structures stand up under the stress of an earthquake. Print journal sheets for use in recording observations. 30 toothpicks 1. Make cubes and triangles using toothpicks and marshmallows. The cubes and triangles may be stacked to make towers. The towers can have small or large bases. 4-5 disposable 11x13 bak- 2. ing pans Gelatin: enough for each pan (can be made in advance) Measuring cups Place the marshmallow structures on the pans of gelatin. 3. If aluminum pans are used, tap the pans on the bottom to simulate compression or primary waves, or if glass baking dishes are used, shake them back and forth in a shearing motion to simulate S or secondary waves 4. After testing the structures, redesign, rebuild, and test again. What can make it stronger? Did it topple? Should the the base be bigger? Make the structure taller or shorter? 5. Draw and label the shapes in their designs (cube, triangle, etc). Water 2 EARTHQUAKES An earthquake is the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust that creates seismic waves. This is the textbook description, but as far back as Greek philosopher Anaxagoras in the 5th century BCE to the 14th century CE, earthquakes were usually attributed to "air (vapors) in the cavities of the Earth. Thales of Miletus, who lived from 625–547 (BCE) was the only documented person who believed that earthquakes were caused by tension between the earth and water. Other theories existed, including the Greek philosopher Anaxamines' (585–526 BCE) beliefs that short incline episodes of dryness and wetness caused seismic activity. The Greek philosopher Democritus (460–371 BCE) blamed water in general for earthquakes. It is estimated that around 500,000 earthquakes occur each year, detectable with current instrumentation. Many of these “earth shakers” are small and only detectable by seismic recorders, while others are felt readily by people across the world. The milder earthquakes measuring 3.7–4.6 happen every year, an earthquake of 4.7–5.5 happens every 10 years, and an earthquake of 5.6 or larger is a once in a 100 year event. Earthquakes can trigger many forms of destruction: shaking and rupturing ground, fires, tsunamis, floods, landslides and avalanches. One of the most devastating earthquakes in recorded history occurred on 23 January 1556 in the Shaanxi province, China, killing more than 830,000 people. One of the powerful earthquakes was measured at 9.5 on the seismograph, was in Chili on May 22, 1960. Learn more by clicking here RICHTER SCALE The Richter scale is a base-10 logarithmic scale used to measure seismic waves associated with earthquakes. Developed in 1935 by Charles Francis Richter in partnership with Beno Gutenberg, both from the California Institute of Technology, the scale was firstly intended to be used only in a particular study area in California, and on seismograms recorded on a particular instrument, but Charles Richter it soon became the tool of choice for measuring earth movements. Now anytime that the earth quakes, tremors, shudders, or moves instruments are ready to record and pinpoint when and where good old planet earth even “hiccups”. Learn more about the Richter Scale 3 The Scientific Method The Scientific Method is a way to ask questions and achieve answers by making observations, performing tests and doing experiments. H Will the structure stand after the shaking of the earthquake? Hypothesis Q What happens to the structure you built when the shaking starts? T Question Test different designs for the one that will stand during an earthquake. Test R Research How do structures withstand an earthquake? Click on the terms below to learn more about their meanings. A Which structure had the best results in the most severe shaking of an earthquake? Analyze Click here to download a data sheet to analyze and record your findings 4 Key Terms EARTHQUAKE: An earthquake is the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust that creates seismic waves. SEISMIC WAVES: Seismic waves are waves of energy that travel through the Earth's layers, and are a result of an earthquake, explosion, or a volcano. STRUCTURE: A structure is a body or assemblage of bodies in space to form a system capable of supporting loads. Physical structures include man-made and natural arrangements. Buildings, aircraft, soap films, skeletons, anthills, beaver dams and salt domes are all examples of physical structures. Definitions above are sourced from Wikipedia. Other science terminology resources to explore: The Science Dictionary American Heritage Science Dictionary 5 Books about Careers Police Officer Books: Ready, Dee. Police Officers Help, Capstone Press Publishing, 1997 Grades Kindergarten – 5th Adamson, Heather. A Day in the Life of a Police Officer, Mankato, MN.: Capstone Publishing, 2004 Grades 1st – 3rd White, Nancy. Police Officers to the Rescue, New York, NY: Bearport Publishing, 2012 Grades 1st – 6th Firefighter Books: Goldish, Meish. Smoke Jumpers, New York, NY.: Bearport Publishing, 2014 Grades Pre K – 3rd Goldish, Meish. Firefighters to the Rescue, New York, NY.: Bearport Publishing, 2014 Grades 1st- 6th Goldish, Meish. City Firefighters, New York, NY.: Bearport Publishing, 2014 Grades 2nd – 7th White, Nancy. Aviation Firefighters, New York, NY.: Bearport Publishing, 2014 Grades 2nd – 7th Engineering Books: Parmalee, Thomas. Genetic Engineering, Edina, MN.: ABDO Publishing, 2008 Grades 6th – 8th Farrell, Courtney. Green Jobs, North Mankato, MN.: ABDO Publishing, 2011 Grades 9th – 12th Hamen, Susan E. Engineering, Edina, MN.: ABDO Publishing, 2011 Grades 9th – 12th Scientist: Hanson, Anders. Scientist’s Tools, Minneapolis, MN.: ABDO Publishing, 2011 Grades 3rd – 5th McMullin, Ruth. EXPEDITIONS Scientist in the Field (Science Adventures from Nature and Science Magazine), Natural History Press, 1969 Grades 6th – 8th Chef Books: Butterworth, Christine; Gaggiotti, Lucia. How Did That Get in My Lunchbox?: The Story of Food, Somerville, MA.: Candlewick Pub., 2011 Grades 3rd – 5th Laurentiis, Giada De. Naples! (Recipe for Adventure #1), Grosset & Dunlap Publishing, 2013 Grades 5th – 8th Pilot/ Aviation Books: Simons, Lisa M.B. The Kids’ Guide to Military Vehicles, Mankato, MN.: Capstone Press Publishing, 2010 Grades Kindergarten – 1st Anderson, Jameson; Whigham, Rod; Barnett, Charles. Amelia Earhart: Legendary Aviator, Mankato, MN. Capstone Press Publishing, 2010 Grades 3rd – 4th 6 Hamilton, John & Sue. UAVs: Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, Minneapolis, MN.: ABDO Publishing, 2012 Grades 6th – 8th Veterinarian Books: Salzmann, Mary Elizabeth. Veterinarian’s Tools, Minneapolis, MN.: ABDO Publishing, Grades 3rd – 5th Architecture Books: Stern, Steven L. Building Greenscapes, New York, NY.: Bearport Publishing, 2010 Grades 3rd – 6th Sandler, Michael Freaky Strange Buildings, New York, NY.: Bearport Publishing, 2012 Grades 3rd – 6th Riddle, John. Veterinarian, Broomall, PA.: Mason Crest Publishing, 2003 Grades 3rd – 8th Stevenson, Neil. Architecture, New York, NY.: DK Publishing, 1997 Grades 6th – 8th Thomas, William Veterinarian, Pleasantville, NY.: Gareth Stevens Publishing, 2009 Grades 6th – 8th City Planning Books: Leardi, Jeanette. Making Green Cities, New York, NY.: Bearport Publishing, 2010 Grades 3rd – 6th Dentist Books: Stockham, Jessica. Dentist, Childs Plan Intl. Publishing, 2011 Grades Pre K – 3rd Macaulay, David. City: A Story of Roman Planning and Construction, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 1983 Grades 6th – 8th Salzmann, Mary Elizabeth. Dentist’s Tools, Minneapolis, MN.: ABDO Publishing, 2011 Grades 3rd – 5th Chapnick, Samantha. Around New York City with Kids, New York, NY. Fodor’s Travel Publishing, 2011 Grades 3rd – 6th Energy Books: Wheeler, Jill C. Eye on Energy Series, Edina, MN.: ABDO Publishing, 2008 Grades 3rd – 6th Computers and Gaming Books: Petrie, Kristin. Computers, Edina, MN.: ABDO Publishing, 2009 Grades 3rd – 5th Orme, Helen, Energy for the Future, New York, NY.: Bearport Publishing, 2009 Grades 3rd – 5th Ray, Michael. Gaming: From Atari to Xbox, New York, NY.: Britannica Publishing, 2012 Grades 6th – 12th Society of Petroleum Engineers. Oil and Natural Gas, DK Publishing, Inc., 2007 Grades 6th – 8th Wilkinson, Colin. Gaming: Playing Safe and Playing Smart, New York, NY.: Rosen Central Publishing, Grades 6th – 12th Marcovitz, Hal. Energy Security, Edina, MN.: ABDO Publishing, 2011 Grades 6th– 8th 7 S TANDARDS ALIGNMENT The following alignments link the Earthquake Science activity to the Next Generation Science Standards. For more information, click each section. Disciplinary Core Ideas: Middle School Physical Science Grades MS: Matter and Its Interactions MS-PS1-3 Gather and make sense of information to describe that synthetic materials come from natural resources and impact society. Disciplinary Core Ideas: K-5 Physical Science Disciplinary Core Ideas: Middle School Engineering Design 2-PS1-2 Analyze data obtained from testing different materials to determine which materials have the properties that are best suited for an intended purpose. Grades MS: Engineering Grades K-5: Matter and Its Interactions 5-PS1-3 Make observations and measurements to identify materials based on their properties. Disciplinary Core Ideas: K-5. Engineering Design Grades K-5: Engineering K-2-ETS1-1 Ask questions, make observations, and gather information about a situation people want to change to define a simple problem that can be solved through the development of a new or improved object or tool. MS-ETS1-1 Define the criteria and constraints of a design problem with sufficient precision to ensure a successful solution, taking into account relevant scientific principles and potential impact on people and the natural environment that may limit possible solutions. MS-ETS1-3 Analyze data from tests to determine similarities and differences among several design solutions to identify the best characteristics of each combined into a new solution to better meet the criteria for success. K-2-ETS-1 Develop a simple sketch, drawing, or physical model to illustrate how the shape of an object helps it functions as needed to solve a give problem. K-2-ETS1-3 Analyze data from test of two objects designed to solve the same problem to compare the strengths and weaknesses of how each perform. 3-5-ETS1-2 Generate and compare multiple possible solutions to a problem based on how well each is likely to meet the criteria and constraints of the problem. 3-5-ETS1-3 Plan and carry out fair tests in which variables are controlled and failure points are considered to identify aspects of a model or prototype that can be improved. 8 Career Connect Career Connect Video: Major Cathy Hayes This activity explores the world of earth science, natural disasters and earthquakes. Many earthquakes cause serious public safety issues such as fires. As a firefighter, Major Cathy Hayes works to make the people of Oklahoma City safer from many natural and manmade disasters. Major Cathy Hayes Oklahoma City Fire Department STEM, women in science Cathy Hayes is a Major in the Oklahoma City Fire Department. In this leadership role, she manages the projects and people that keep us all safe. Thank you! STEM on a Shoestring was developed through the generous support of the Kirkpatrick Foundation. It is a project of the Oklahoma Afterschool Network. 2801 N. Lincoln Blvd., Suite 224 Oklahoma City, OK 73105 www.okafterschool.org www.OKSTEM.com 405.601.9560