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Science 9
Concept 1: Substances in the Environment
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Investigate and describe the roles of various
substances in the environment
◦ Supporting humans and other living things
◦ Harming humans and other living things
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Identify processes for measuring the amounts of
different substances in the environment
Monitor air and water quality
Analyze how potentially harmful substances may
be transmitted within an environment
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Ask science-based questions
Design an experiment when given a question
Conduct an investigation
Analyze and interpret my qualitative and
quantitative data
Work collaboratively with my peers
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Show interest in science
Appreciate how different ideas from all over the
world mix together to bring about understanding
Take my time and consider various approaches to
investigations, problems and issues
Begin to recognize my impact on the environment
Work safely in the science classroom and lab
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What chemicals do we find in the local and global
environments?
How do changes in concentration and distribution
of these chemicals affect living things?
How can we assess the impacts of our use of
chemicals on the environment?
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Elements
Nitrogen fixation
Pollution
Issue
Fertilizer
Nutrients
Carbohydrate
Lipid
Protein
Learning Concept
 Identify common organic and inorganic
substances that are essential to the health and
growth of humans and other living things
◦ Illustrate the roles served by these substances
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Everything that makes up the environment is
made up of chemicals
◦ Carbon, Oxygen and Hydrogen are the most common
chemical elements in living things
 Complex molecules containing carbon are called organic
compounds
◦ Substances that do not contain carbon are called
inorganic compounds
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A nutrient is an element or compound an
organism needs for living, growing, and
reproducing
◦ Macronutrients are needed in relatively large
amounts
 “macro” means large or large-scale
◦ Micronutrients are needed in minor or trace amounts
 “micro” means very small or small-scale
Nutrient
Nitrogen (N)
Phosphorus (P)
Potassium (K)
Magnesium (Mg)
Calcium (Ca)
Sulfur (S)
Important in Plants
because ...
Important in Humans
because ...
Learning Concept
 Describe the forms of organic matter synthesized
by plants and animals
◦ Includes carbohydrates, proteins and lipids
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Most chemicals found in humans and other living
things are organic compounds
◦ Four important classes
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Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids
http://dietsystems.info
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Carbohydrates are made up of C, H and O
◦ Can form simple molecules
 Sugar, glucose
◦ Also forms large complex molecules
 Starch, cellulose, glycogen
www.nlm.nih.gov
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Fats, oils and waxes are lipids
◦ These compounds are comprised of many C, H and O
atoms
◦ Produced by both animals and plants
www.chemistrypictures.org
http://farm1.static.flickr.com
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Proteins are organic compounds made up of
units called amino acids
Proteins have many functions
◦ Used by organisms for growth and repair
◦ A source of energy
◦ Main component in enzymes
www.nlm.nih.gov
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Nutrients Lab Activity
◦ “Who Took Jerrell’s iPod”
Learning Concept
 Describe the uptake of materials by living things
through ingestion or absorption
◦ Investigate and describe evidence that some materials
are difficult for organisms to break down or eliminate
VIDEO PREVIEWS
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Plants and animals rely on the environment for
the substances they need to live
◦ Plants take in inorganic substances to make organic
compounds
◦ Consumers take in organic compounds made from
plants
http://images-mediawiki-sites.thefullwiki.org
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Diffusion is the movement of molecules from
areas of high concentration to areas of low
concentration
◦ Passive uptake, does not require energy input
◦ Nutrients move into roots of a plant via diffusion
http://image.wistatutor.com
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Water moving into a plant is done by a type of
diffusion called osmosis
◦ Water moves from areas with lots of water molecules
to areas where there are fewer water molecules
◦ Passive uptake, does not require energy input
http://dfmw.wordpress.com/2010/11/19/osmosis-marketing/
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Science Log Activity
◦ Diffusion Activity
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Humans and other animals obtain the 25 elements
our bodies through respiration and ingestion
◦ Ingestion is the process of bringing food into our
bodies
 Most ingested food is broken down into smaller particles so
the body can absorb nutrients from it
http://naturalcuringbaldness.com
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Humans and other animals break down food
mechanically and chemically
◦ Mechanical breakdown done via chewing
◦ Chemical breakdown done in the mouth, stomach and
small intestines
 Hydrolysis – “hydro” means water, “lysis” means breaking
apart
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When a substance has been broken down by
hydrolysis, it has been hydrolyzed
◦ Potatoes contain large starch molecules
◦ Hydrolyzed into double sugars called maltose, then into
single sugars called glucose
C12H 22O11(aq)  H 2O(l)  2 C6 H12O6(aq)
maltose
 water  glu cos e
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Nutrients are absorbed through cell membranes
and into the bloodstream
◦ Blood carries them throughout the body where they are
either stored or used
http://3.bp.blogspot.com
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Photosynthesis – the process of converting
solar energy into chemical energy
◦ Done by plants
6CO2(g)  6H 2O(l)  C6 H12O6(aq)  6O2(g)
http://caferguson.files.wordpress.com
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Cellular Respiration – the process of converting
chemical energy into useable energy
◦ Done by plants and animals
C6 H12O6(aq)  6O2(g)  6CO2(g)  6H 2O(l)  ATP
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu
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Different elements and chemicals move through
ecosystems in cycles
◦ Water cycle
◦ Carbon cycle
◦ Nitrogen cycle
www.bbc.co.uk
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Nitrogen Fixation
◦ Nitrogen is important for living things.
◦ Plants can only use nitrogen when it is in the
form of a compound.
◦ Nitrogen fixation is the process of changing
free nitrogen so that the nitrogen atoms can
combine with other elements to form
compounds that organisms can use.
◦ Most nitrogen fixation occurs by bacteria in
the soil.
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Science Log
◦ Use figure
1.3 in your
textbook to
fill in the
nitrogen
cycle in
your notes.
Learning Concept
 Identify substrates and nutrient sources for living
things within a variety of environments
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All organisms need to obtain nutrients
Where they live affects how they can obtain
these nutrients
◦ A substrate is a material on which an organism lives
or moves
◦ Some organisms attach themselves to a substrate,
others obtain their nutrients from the substrate
www.dreamstime.com
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Science Log  identify the substrate for each of
the different organisms
Learning Concept
 Describe and illustrate processes by which
chemicals are introduced to the environment or
their concentrations are changed
 Identify questions that may need to be addressed
in deciding what substances – in what amounts –
can be safely released into the environment
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Over the past centuries, humans have
introduced a large number of chemical
substances into the environment
◦ Wastes from industry and agriculture
◦ Herbicides, pesticides, fungicides
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A fertilizer is a substance which enriches the
soil so that plants will grow better
◦ Described by the major nutrient elements they contain
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Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Potassium
Sulfur
http://mobygarden.files.wordpress.com
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Science Log
◦ Answer the following questions about fertilizers
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Biomagnification
◦ An increase in concentration of a chemical or element
as it moves up the food chain.
◦ Example: Mercury
Learning Concept
Identify questions that may need to be addressed
in deciding what substances – in what amounts –
can be safely released into the environment