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Ecosystem of Change Say Thanks to the Authors Click http://www.ck12.org/saythanks (No sign in required) To access a customizable version of this book, as well as other interactive content, visit www.ck12.org CK-12 Foundation is a non-profit organization with a mission to reduce the cost of textbook materials for the K-12 market both in the U.S. and worldwide. Using an open-source, collaborative, and web-based compilation model, CK-12 pioneers and promotes the creation and distribution of high-quality, adaptive online textbooks that can be mixed, modified and printed (i.e., the FlexBook® textbooks). Copyright © 2015 CK-12 Foundation, www.ck12.org The names “CK-12” and “CK12” and associated logos and the terms “FlexBook®” and “FlexBook Platform®” (collectively “CK-12 Marks”) are trademarks and service marks of CK-12 Foundation and are protected by federal, state, and international laws. Any form of reproduction of this book in any format or medium, in whole or in sections must include the referral attribution link http://www.ck12.org/saythanks (placed in a visible location) in addition to the following terms. Except as otherwise noted, all CK-12 Content (including CK-12 Curriculum Material) is made available to Users in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial 3.0 Unported (CC BY-NC 3.0) License (http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-nc/3.0/), as amended and updated by Creative Commons from time to time (the “CC License”), which is incorporated herein by this reference. Complete terms can be found at http://www.ck12.org/about/ terms-of-use. Printed: August 20, 2015 www.ck12.org C HAPTER Chapter 1. Ecosystem of Change 1 Ecosystem of Change Lesson 24.3: True or False Name___________________ Class______________ Date________ Write true if the statement is true or false if the statement is false. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. _______ No ecosystem is completely unchanging. _______ All ecological change is either primary or secondary succession. _______ Wind and water help weather rock and form soil in primary succession. _______ Plants can grow in an area only after soil has formed. _______ Trees usually colonize an area before small plants such as grasses. _______ Ecological succession always ends at a final, stable state. _______ Most ecosystems have climax communities. Lesson 24.3: Critical Reading Name___________________ Class______________ Date________ Read this passage based on the text and answer the questions that follow. The towering trees in an old forest have been growing there for hundreds of years. It may seem as though the forest has been there forever. But no ecosystem is truly static. The numbers and types of species in most ecosystems change to some degree through time. This is called ecological succession. Two important cases of ecological succession are primary succession and secondary succession. Primary succession occurs in an area that has never before been colonized by living things. Generally, the area starts out as nothing but bare rock. This type of environment could come about when a landslide uncovers bare rock, a glacier retreats and leaves behind bare rock, or lava flows from a volcano and hardens into bare rock. Secondary succession occurs in a formerly inhabited area that was disturbed. Secondary succession could result from a fire, flood, or human action such as farming. For example, a forest fire might kill all the trees and other plants in a forest, leaving behind only charred wood and soil. Does a changing ecosystem ever stop changing? Does its community of organisms ever reach some final, stable state? Scientists used to think that ecological succession always ended at a stable state, called a climax community. Now their thinking has changed. Theoretically, a climax community is possible, but continued change is probably more likely for real-world ecosystems. Most ecosystems are disturbed too often to ever develop a climax community. Questions 1. Define ecological succession. 2. Contrast primary and secondary succession. 3. Why is a climax community unlikely for most ecosystems? 1 www.ck12.org Lesson 24.3: Multiple Choice Name___________________ Class______________ Date________ Circle the letter of the correct choice. 1. Which events would most likely produce conditions where primary succession would occur? a. b. c. d. plowing by a farmer retreating of a glacier flooding by a river burning of a forest 2. In primary succession, the first few species to colonize the area a. b. c. d. can live on rock. weather rock. help form soil. all of the above 3. During primary succession, the first plants to live in the area a. b. c. d. must be able to grow in thin, poor soil. use up all the organic matter in the soil. prevent trees from moving into the area. are usually tall plants such as shrubs. 4. Which statement about secondary succession is false? a. b. c. d. It is faster than primary succession. The soil is already in place. Pioneer species include plants. none of the above 5. Which statement applies to most ecosystems? a. b. c. d. They rarely change. They reach a final, stable community. They change continuously. They are rarely disturbed. 6. Adding organic matter to soil a. b. c. d. improves soil quality. helps soil hold water. may allow shrubs and trees to grow. all of the above 7. Pioneer species a. b. c. d. are the same in primary and secondary succession. always include plants such as grasses. are always the first species to colonize a disturbed area. all of the above Lesson 24.3: Matching Name___________________ Class______________ Date________ 2 www.ck12.org Chapter 1. Ecosystem of Change Match each definition with the correct term. Definitions 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. _______ type of succession that occurs in a formerly inhabited area _______ theoretical, final stable state of an ecosystem _______ first species to colonize a disturbed area _______ type of succession that occurs in an area that has never before been colonized _______ possible cause of primary succession _______ any change over time in the numbers and types of species in an ecosystem _______ possible cause of secondary succession Terms a. b. c. d. e. f. g. secondary succession forest fire ecological succession climax community pioneer species primary succession landslide Lesson 24.3: Fill in the Blank Name___________________ Class______________ Date________ Fill in the blank with the appropriate term. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. _____ succession occurs where there is nothing but bare rock. _____ succession occurs where there is nothing but bare soil. Bacteria and lichen are pioneer species in _____ succession. Fireweed and grasses are pioneer species in _____ succession. _____ succession would occur on lava rock from a volcano. _____ succession would occur on sediments left behind by a flood. Most ecosystems are disturbed too often to ever develop a(n) _____ community. Lesson 24.3: Critical Writing Name___________________ Class______________ Date________ Thoroughly answer the question below. Use appropriate academic vocabulary and clear and complete sentences. Assume that lava poured out of a volcano over a large area. When the lava cooled, it hardened to form rock. Explain how ecological succession will occur in this area. 3