Download Section: 2.4 Name: Section Title: Ecology

Section: 2.4
Name:
Section Title: Ecology-the community level
Opening Activity:
Review of Old Information: N/A
New Information:
I.
The Community Level –
____________________________________________________________________________
There are 5 types of species interactions
1) ______________________________
1. Determines relationships in the food web
2. Regulates population _______________
3. Some prey defenses include
a. _______________
b. _______________
c. _______________
d. _______________
4. Includes _______________ eating plants.
5. Food Web vs. Food Chain.
_____________________________________________________________________
Predation:
a. Species Interactions. i. __________ __________ -­‐a single pathway of feeding relationships among organisms in an ecosystem. b. The ___________________ Levels -­‐ indicates an organism’s position in the sequence of energy transfers in an ecosystem. c. 1st Trophic Level: producers i. Producers:_________________ (ex. Plants, protists, and bacteria) – make their own food a. Most use photosynthesis, some use chemosynthesis. b. Producers add biomass(organic material) to an ecosystem. c. __________________ – organic material in an ecosystem d. Gross Primary Productivity: rate that producers in an ecosystem capture energy. e. Net Primary Productivity: rate at which biomass accumulates d. 2nd Trophic Level: herbivores i. Consumers:_________________________ (ex. Animals, fungi, some protists and bacteria) – make their own food ii. Herbivores eat _______________________ iii. Carnivores eat other _____________________ iv. Omnivores eat both ___________________________________________ v. ____________________________ (Detritivores): consumers that recycle the “garbage” of an ecosystem; cause decay by breaking down complex molecules e. 3rd Trophic Level: predators/carnivores i. More Consumers ii. MOST ecosystems contain only 3 or 4 trophic levels. iii. About 10% of total energy consumed in one trophic level is incorporated into next level Draw Four Trophic Levels and place the following organism on the correct level: Foxes, mice, owls, grass, grasshopper, deer, hawk, rabbit, chipmunk, oak tree, insects f. Food Chain vs. Food Web i. ____________________ -­‐ a single pathway of feeding relationships among organisms in an ecosystem. ii. ____________________ -­‐ the interrelated food chains in an ecosystem; more complex than a food chain. Activity: Food Web and Food Chain Label.
1. For the food web, label each organism: (Some may have more than one label)
P = producer 1 = Primary Consumer 2= Secondary Consumer 3 = Tertiary Consumer
2. Now label each animal as either a : H = herbivore C = carnivore O = omnivore
_____________________________________________________________________
Species Interactions Continued (#2-5)
2) __________________________ - involves parasite and host.
1. Similar to predation, but does not result in immediate death of host.
2. Types of parasites include _______________ (oustside of body, ticks,
fleas, lice, etc.) and _______________ (inside of body, bacteria, protists,
tapeworms, etc.)
3) __________________________
1. Results from two or more species using the _______________ limited
resource.
2. _______________ _______________ - one species eliminated from
community b/c of competition for SAME RESOURCE
3. Alternatives to cause Competitive Exclusion:
a. ____________ ____________: individuals adjust to use different
resources
b. ____________ ____________: individuals use less resources to
survive
4) __________________________
1. Cooperative relationship where both species receive some benefit
a. ex.
5) __________________________
1. Relationship where one species benefits and the other is not affected
a. Buffalo and Birds – Buffalo move and stir up insects and grass,
birds then eat the insects
b. Community Properties
1) ______________________________ - The number of species a community
contains.
1. Communities _______________ to the equator have more species.
2. Richness improves community _______________ (ability to resist
change)
c. Communities Changing
1) ____________________________ - the gradual re-growth of species in an
area.
2) ____________________________ - community development in an area not
previously inhabited.
3) ____________________________ – community development in an area
previously inhabited but then destroyed
4) ____________________________ - small, fast-growing, fast-reproducing
species; predominate early in succession.
5) ____________________________ - stable end point of succession
Activity: Answer the following review questions over what was discussed in class over
community ecology.
1) _____Which of the pairs of parasites listed below are endoparasites?
a) tapeworms and leeches
c) leeches and fleas
b) tapeworms and bacteria
d) ticks and mosquitoes
2) _____Pioneer Species
a) are usually small.
b) reproduce fast.
c) predominate early in succession.
d) ALL of the above.
3) _____Species Richness is HIGHEST in areas
a) close to the equator.
c) far from the equator.
b) with small islands.
d) with low community stability.
Match the types of species reactions with their characteristics in Numbers 21-25.
4) _____Similar to predation, but does not result
in immediate death of host.
5) _____Relationship where one species benefits
and the other is NOT affected.
6) _____Cooperative relationship in which two
Species derive some benefit.
7) _____Determines relationships in the food web.
a) Predation
8) _____Caused by two or more species using the
same limited resource.
e) commensalism
b) Parasitism
c) Competition
d) mutualism
9) _____Which of the following methods do wild organisms use to decrease their competition with other
species for limited resources?
a. character displacement
b. resources partitioning
c. dormancy d. both a. & b.
10) _____The richness and stability of a community are relatively _____ if the area is large and near the
equator.
a. low
b. high
c. unstable
d. oscillating
11) _____Jordan and Taylor did not listen to Smokey’s advice and accidently started a wildfire. The regrowth
of that forest following the fire is an example of
a. primary succession
b. secondary succession
c. climax community
12) _____Which organism is the best example of a pioneer species?
a. grizzly bear b. bald eagle
c. white-tailed deer
d. field mouse
13) _____A “random” distribution of individuals in a population would be most likely to result from
a. clumped food resources.
c. herding behavior by individuals in the population.
b. territorial behavior by the population.
d. the dispersal of seeds by the wind.
14) _____The stable end point of succession is called the
a. staged community.
c. climatic change.
b. climax community.
d. community development.