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Section: 2.4 Name: Section Title: Ecology-the community level Opening Activity: Review of Old Information: N/A New Information: I. The Community Level – ____________________________________________________________________________ There are 5 types of species interactions 1) ______________________________ 1. Determines relationships in the food web 2. Regulates population _______________ 3. Some prey defenses include a. _______________ b. _______________ c. _______________ d. _______________ 4. Includes _______________ eating plants. 5. Food Web vs. Food Chain. _____________________________________________________________________ Predation: a. Species Interactions. i. __________ __________ -‐a single pathway of feeding relationships among organisms in an ecosystem. b. The ___________________ Levels -‐ indicates an organism’s position in the sequence of energy transfers in an ecosystem. c. 1st Trophic Level: producers i. Producers:_________________ (ex. Plants, protists, and bacteria) – make their own food a. Most use photosynthesis, some use chemosynthesis. b. Producers add biomass(organic material) to an ecosystem. c. __________________ – organic material in an ecosystem d. Gross Primary Productivity: rate that producers in an ecosystem capture energy. e. Net Primary Productivity: rate at which biomass accumulates d. 2nd Trophic Level: herbivores i. Consumers:_________________________ (ex. Animals, fungi, some protists and bacteria) – make their own food ii. Herbivores eat _______________________ iii. Carnivores eat other _____________________ iv. Omnivores eat both ___________________________________________ v. ____________________________ (Detritivores): consumers that recycle the “garbage” of an ecosystem; cause decay by breaking down complex molecules e. 3rd Trophic Level: predators/carnivores i. More Consumers ii. MOST ecosystems contain only 3 or 4 trophic levels. iii. About 10% of total energy consumed in one trophic level is incorporated into next level Draw Four Trophic Levels and place the following organism on the correct level: Foxes, mice, owls, grass, grasshopper, deer, hawk, rabbit, chipmunk, oak tree, insects f. Food Chain vs. Food Web i. ____________________ -‐ a single pathway of feeding relationships among organisms in an ecosystem. ii. ____________________ -‐ the interrelated food chains in an ecosystem; more complex than a food chain. Activity: Food Web and Food Chain Label. 1. For the food web, label each organism: (Some may have more than one label) P = producer 1 = Primary Consumer 2= Secondary Consumer 3 = Tertiary Consumer 2. Now label each animal as either a : H = herbivore C = carnivore O = omnivore _____________________________________________________________________ Species Interactions Continued (#2-5) 2) __________________________ - involves parasite and host. 1. Similar to predation, but does not result in immediate death of host. 2. Types of parasites include _______________ (oustside of body, ticks, fleas, lice, etc.) and _______________ (inside of body, bacteria, protists, tapeworms, etc.) 3) __________________________ 1. Results from two or more species using the _______________ limited resource. 2. _______________ _______________ - one species eliminated from community b/c of competition for SAME RESOURCE 3. Alternatives to cause Competitive Exclusion: a. ____________ ____________: individuals adjust to use different resources b. ____________ ____________: individuals use less resources to survive 4) __________________________ 1. Cooperative relationship where both species receive some benefit a. ex. 5) __________________________ 1. Relationship where one species benefits and the other is not affected a. Buffalo and Birds – Buffalo move and stir up insects and grass, birds then eat the insects b. Community Properties 1) ______________________________ - The number of species a community contains. 1. Communities _______________ to the equator have more species. 2. Richness improves community _______________ (ability to resist change) c. Communities Changing 1) ____________________________ - the gradual re-growth of species in an area. 2) ____________________________ - community development in an area not previously inhabited. 3) ____________________________ – community development in an area previously inhabited but then destroyed 4) ____________________________ - small, fast-growing, fast-reproducing species; predominate early in succession. 5) ____________________________ - stable end point of succession Activity: Answer the following review questions over what was discussed in class over community ecology. 1) _____Which of the pairs of parasites listed below are endoparasites? a) tapeworms and leeches c) leeches and fleas b) tapeworms and bacteria d) ticks and mosquitoes 2) _____Pioneer Species a) are usually small. b) reproduce fast. c) predominate early in succession. d) ALL of the above. 3) _____Species Richness is HIGHEST in areas a) close to the equator. c) far from the equator. b) with small islands. d) with low community stability. Match the types of species reactions with their characteristics in Numbers 21-25. 4) _____Similar to predation, but does not result in immediate death of host. 5) _____Relationship where one species benefits and the other is NOT affected. 6) _____Cooperative relationship in which two Species derive some benefit. 7) _____Determines relationships in the food web. a) Predation 8) _____Caused by two or more species using the same limited resource. e) commensalism b) Parasitism c) Competition d) mutualism 9) _____Which of the following methods do wild organisms use to decrease their competition with other species for limited resources? a. character displacement b. resources partitioning c. dormancy d. both a. & b. 10) _____The richness and stability of a community are relatively _____ if the area is large and near the equator. a. low b. high c. unstable d. oscillating 11) _____Jordan and Taylor did not listen to Smokey’s advice and accidently started a wildfire. The regrowth of that forest following the fire is an example of a. primary succession b. secondary succession c. climax community 12) _____Which organism is the best example of a pioneer species? a. grizzly bear b. bald eagle c. white-tailed deer d. field mouse 13) _____A “random” distribution of individuals in a population would be most likely to result from a. clumped food resources. c. herding behavior by individuals in the population. b. territorial behavior by the population. d. the dispersal of seeds by the wind. 14) _____The stable end point of succession is called the a. staged community. c. climatic change. b. climax community. d. community development.