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Plants
Overview of Plant Kingdom
Ferns and
their relatives
Mosses and
their relatives
Cone-bearing
plants
(Gymnosperm)
(Angiosperm)
(Pterophyte)
Flowers; Seeds
Enclosed in Fruit
(Bryophyte)
Seeds
Green algae
ancestor
Flowering
plants
Water-Conducting
(Vascular) Tissue
Plant Reproduction
Alternation of Generation
Spore
production
Egg and sperm
fertilization
• Plants alternate between diploid (2n) and haploid (n)
forms/generations.
• Two generations:
– Gametophyte (haploid)
– Sporophyte (diploid)
Plant Characteristics
• Roots – absorb water and nutrients
• Leaves – take in sunlight and carbon
dioxide
• Vascular Tissue – Transport material
between the roots and shoots, and
leaves.
– Two types of vascular tissue:
• Xylem – a system of cells that
transports water and nutrients UP
from the roots
• Phloem – a system of cells that
transports sugars DOWN from the
leaves to all parts of the plant.
“Up the xylem, Flow Down the
phloem!”
Non-Vascular
• Mosses (Division Bryophyta)
Other examples:
Liverwort
MOST PRIMITIVE
• No vascular tissues, no true stems, roots, or leaves
• Produce spores
• water transported by osmosis
• reproduction depends on water (sperm cell must swim to
egg cell).
Moss
Hornwort
Seedless
Vascular
• Ferns (Division Pterophyte)
• Have vascular tissues to
transport water.
• Use spores to reproduce.
• Have roots, leaves, and
stems.
Seeded
Vascular
• Reproduction in flowers or cones
•Gymnosperms (cones and needles)
•Angiosperms (flowers and fruits)
• Pollination
• Produce SEEDS as a result of
fertilization
Gymnosperms “naked seed” (conifers)
• Seeds produced on cones
• Reduced leaves (needles) to
decrease surface area and water loss
• Adapted to cold climates
Cycad
Sequoia
Angiosperms “covered seed” (Flowering
Plants)
• Vascular
• Most successful group! Angiosperms are plants
with flowers that develop seeds inside of fruits for
reproduction
Angiosperms
•Categorized by the number of seed leaves (cotyledons)
•Monocot: one cotyledon, Dicot: two cotyledons
Monocots
Dicots
Seeds
Single
cotyledon
Two
cotyledons
Leaves
Parallel
veins
Branched
veins
Floral parts often
in multiples of 3
Floral parts often in
multiples
of 4 or 5
Vascular
bundles
scattered throughout
stem
Vascular
bundles
arranged in
a ring
Fibrous roots
Taproot
Flowers
Stems
Roots
Functions of a
Leaf
• Transpiration: Plant loses water through leaves
• Photosynthesis – Gas Exchange: Take in
CO2 and release O2 during photosynthesis.
Leaf Structure
Cuticle
Veins
Epidermis
Palisade
mesophyll
Xylem
Phloem
Spongy
mesophyll
Vei
n
Epidermis
Stoma
Guard
cells
Leaf Structures
• Mesophyll: photosynthetic layer
– Palisade mesophyll: tightly packed cells that absorb
light. Function: photosynthesis
– Spongy mesophyll: air spaces for gas and water
movement.
• Cuticle: Waxy coating that protects leaf and prevent water
loss.
• Veins – contain vascular tissue (xylem and phloem)
Leaf Structures
• Stomata: pore-like
openings in the underside of
a leaf. Allow CO2 in and O2
out, and water out.
– Regulate transpiration
• Guard Cells: specialized
cells in the epidermis that
control the opening and
closing of stomata. Closes
at the hottest time of the
day.
Stem Structures
• Stems support plant
• Vascular tissues transporting
water up and sugars down
Root Structure
Function: To absorb water
and nutrients
Adaptations:
-root hairs increase surface
area for absorption
Flower Structure
Stamen
Filament
Carpel
Stigma
Anther
Style
Ovary
Ovule contains egg cell -
Ovule
Sepal
Petal
Flower Structures
• Sepals – usually green and leaf-like, protects developing flower
(bud)
• Stamen – Male reproductive structures; made of 2 parts: anther
and filament; the anthers make pollen which contains sperm.
• Pistil – Female reproductive structures; made of 3 parts: ovary,
stigma, and style; the ovary makes ovules which contain the
eggs.
Comparison of Male and Female Parts:
pistil
stamen is to ______________
ovary
anther is to _______________
pollen is to ________________
ovule
egg
sperm is to ________________
Double Fertilization in
Angiosperms
➢ Pollen grain (contains sperm) lands on stigma
➢ Pollen tube is created down through the pistil to the ovary
➢ 2 sperm cells travel to ovary
➢ 1 sperm cell fertilizes the egg and becomes embryo,
➢ 1 sperm fertilizes a diploid cell and becomes the food source for the embryo
➢ Embryo and food source makeup the seed.
➢ Ovary of the flower ripens and becomes the fleshy covering around the seed.
➢ Germination – growth of the embryo from the seed.
Pollination
•Pollen (the male gamete)
from the anther is released
and transported to stigma of
other flowers:
• By insects
• By mammals
• By birds
• By wind
Ragweed pollen
Fruits and Seeds
•Ovule is fertilized, and grows to
become seed, protected by seed coat,
contains food supply (endosperm),
adaptations for dispersal
•Fruits are mature ovaries, to protect
and disperse seeds.
Patterns of Plant Growth
• All plants follow a highly
regulated pattern of growth that
continues throughout the plant’s
life.
• Plant hormones: chemical
substances that control a plant’s
patterns of growth and
development, and the plant’s
responses to environmental
stimuli. Ex. Auxin (growth) and
ethylene gas (ripens fruit)
Hormoneproducing
cells
Movement
of
hormone
Target
cells
Plant Responses
• Phototropism: a plants response to light. Positive
phototropism: growth towards light. Negative
phototropism: growth away from light
• Gravitropism: A plants response to gravity.
• Ex. the shoot of a germinating seed to grow out of
the soil. The roots of a plant or germinating seed
grow down into the soil.
Plant Responses
Chemotropism:
A plants response to chemicals.
Ex. Fertilizers (nitrogen), salt, etc.
Hydrotropism:
A plants response to water.
Positive response = towards stimulus
Negative response = away from stimulus
Plant Responses
• Thigmotropism: the response of plants to touch.