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Transcript
Gatentekst MIND Kies uit de opties om de tekst op de meest logische wijze aan te vullen. Adapted from an article in the Scientific American, Special Issue Mysteries of the Mind, 1997 The Mind - Body Interaction in Disease 5 The brain and immune system continuously signal each other, often along the same pathways, which may explain how state of mind ..1.. health by Ester M. Sternberg and Philip W. Gould 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 The belief that the mind plays an important role in physical illness goes back to the earliest days of medicine. From the time of the ancient Greeks to the beginning of the 20th century, it was generally accepted by ..2.. physician and patient that the mind can affect the course of illness, and it seemed natural to ..3.. this concept in medical treatments of disease. ..4.. the discovery of antibiotics, a new assumption arose that treatment of infectious or inflammatory diseases requires only the elimination of the foreign organism that triggers the illness. In the rush to discover new antibiotics and drugs that ..5.. specific infections and diseases, the fact that the body’s own responses can influence its vulnerability to a disease and its cure was largely ..6.. by medical researchers. It is ironic that research into infectious diseases first led 20th century medicine to ..7.. the idea that the mind influences physical illness, and now research in the same fields - including the work of our laboratory and of our collaborators at the National Institutes of Health - is proving the contrary. New molecular and pharmacological tools have made it possible for us to identify the complicated network that exists between the immune system and the brain, a network that allows the two systems to signal ..8.. continuously and rapidly. Chemicals produced by immune cells signal the brain, and the brain ..9.. sends chemical signals to restrain the immune system. These same chemical signals also affect behavior and the response to stress. Disruption of this communication network in any way, whether inherited ..10.. through drugs, worsens the diseases that these systems guard against. The clinical significance of these findings is likely to prove great. They hold the promise of ..11.. the range of therapeutic treatments available for various disorders, just like drugs previously ..12.. to work primarily for nervous system problems are now shown to be effective against immune maladies, and vice versa. They also help to confirm the popularly held impression that our state of mind can influence how ..13.. we resist or recover from infectious of inflammatory disease. The brain’s stress response system is activated in threatening situations. The immune system responds automatically to pathogens and foreign molecules. These two response systems are the body’s ..14.. means for maintaining an internal steady state called homeostasis. A substantial proportion of human cellular machinery is dedicated to maintaining it. When homeostasis is disturbed or threatened, a repertoire of molecular, cellular and behavioral responses comes into play. These responses attempt to counteract the disturbing forces ..15.. reestablish a steady state. They can be specific to the foreign 582736379 Pagina 1 van 4 45 50 55 60 invader or to a particular stress, or they can be generalized and non-specific when the threat to homeostasis exceeds a certain threshold. These adaptive responses may themselves turn into stressors capable of producing disease. We are just beginning to understand the many ways in ..16.. the brain and the immune system are interdependent, how they help to regulate and counter regulate each other and how they ..17.. can malfunction and produce disease. The stress response promotes physiological and behavioral ..18.. that support survival in threatening or taxing situation. ..19.., when we are facing a potentially lifethreatening situation, the brain’s stress response goes into action to strengthen our focused attention, our fear and our fight-or-flight response, while ..20... inhibiting behaviors, such as feeding, sex and sleep, that might lessen the chance of immediate survival. The stress response, however, must be regulated to be neither excessive ..21.. sub optimal; ..22.., disorders of arousal, thought and feeling emerge. The immune system’s job is to bar foreign pathogens from the body and to recognize and destroy ..23.. that penetrate ..24.. shield. The immune system must ..25.. neutralize potentially dangerous toxins, help repair of damaged or worn tissues, and dispose of abnormal cells. 582736379 Pagina 2 van 4 Opties gatentekst MIND 1 A B C Effects Influences Produces 11 A B C D Extending Expanding Decreasing Limiting 2 A B C D Either Both Neither Nor 12 A B C D Known Ignored Recovered Affected A B C D Reject Apply Affect Ignore 13 A B C Well Likely Unlikely 4 A B C Before After Long before 14 A B C Minor Original Principal 5 A B C Recover Cure Heal 15 A B C Because In order to In turn to 6 A B C Discovered Applied Ignored 16 A B C Making Creating Which 7 A B C D Believe Accept Reject Apply 17 A B C Themselves Equally Frequently 18 8 A B C D Everything Themselves Each other Approximately A B C Changes Attacks Charges 19 A B C D On the one hand On the other hand In turn In contrast A B C D Although Despite this Yet For instance 20 A B C D Into But Or From A B C D Supposedly Practically Unlikely Simultaneously 3 9 10 582736379 Pagina 3 van 4 21 A B C Whether Nor Or 22 A B C Else Otherwise In spite of this A B Those Them 23 582736379 24 A B C D Its Their Her His 25 A B C D Also Not Originally Exceptionally Pagina 4 van 4