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Gatentekst MIND
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Adapted from an article in the Scientific American, Special Issue Mysteries of the
Mind, 1997
The Mind - Body Interaction in Disease
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The brain and immune system continuously signal each other, often along the same
pathways, which may explain how state of mind ..1.. health
by Ester M. Sternberg and Philip W. Gould
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The belief that the mind plays an important role in physical illness goes back to the
earliest days of medicine. From the time of the ancient Greeks to the beginning of
the 20th century, it was generally accepted by ..2.. physician and patient that the
mind can affect the course of illness, and it seemed natural to ..3.. this concept in
medical treatments of disease. ..4.. the discovery of antibiotics, a new assumption
arose that treatment of infectious or inflammatory diseases requires only the
elimination of the foreign organism that triggers the illness. In the rush to discover
new antibiotics and drugs that ..5.. specific infections and diseases, the fact that the
body’s own responses can influence its vulnerability to a disease and its cure was
largely ..6.. by medical researchers.
It is ironic that research into infectious diseases first led 20th century medicine to ..7..
the idea that the mind influences physical illness, and now research in the same
fields - including the work of our laboratory and of our collaborators at the National
Institutes of Health - is proving the contrary. New molecular and pharmacological
tools have made it possible for us to identify the complicated network that exists
between the immune system and the brain, a network that allows the two systems to
signal ..8.. continuously and rapidly. Chemicals produced by immune cells signal the
brain, and the brain ..9.. sends chemical signals to restrain the immune system.
These same chemical signals also affect behavior and the response to stress.
Disruption of this communication network in any way, whether inherited ..10..
through drugs, worsens the diseases that these systems guard against.
The clinical significance of these findings is likely to prove great. They hold the
promise of ..11.. the range of therapeutic treatments available for various disorders,
just like drugs previously ..12.. to work primarily for nervous system problems are
now shown to be effective against immune maladies, and vice versa. They also help
to confirm the popularly held impression that our state of mind can influence how
..13.. we resist or recover from infectious of inflammatory disease.
The brain’s stress response system is activated in threatening situations. The
immune system responds automatically to pathogens and foreign molecules. These
two response systems are the body’s ..14.. means for maintaining an internal steady
state called homeostasis. A substantial proportion of human cellular machinery is
dedicated to maintaining it.
When homeostasis is disturbed or threatened, a repertoire of molecular, cellular and
behavioral responses comes into play. These responses attempt to counteract the
disturbing forces ..15.. reestablish a steady state. They can be specific to the foreign
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invader or to a particular stress, or they can be generalized and non-specific when
the threat to homeostasis exceeds a certain threshold. These adaptive responses
may themselves turn into stressors capable of producing disease. We are just
beginning to understand the many ways in ..16.. the brain and the immune system
are interdependent, how they help to regulate and counter regulate each other and
how they ..17.. can malfunction and produce disease.
The stress response promotes physiological and behavioral ..18.. that support
survival in threatening or taxing situation. ..19.., when we are facing a potentially lifethreatening situation, the brain’s stress response goes into action to strengthen our
focused attention, our fear and our fight-or-flight response, while ..20... inhibiting
behaviors, such as feeding, sex and sleep, that might lessen the chance of
immediate survival. The stress response, however, must be regulated to be neither
excessive ..21.. sub optimal; ..22.., disorders of arousal, thought and feeling emerge.
The immune system’s job is to bar foreign pathogens from the body and to recognize
and destroy ..23.. that penetrate ..24.. shield. The immune system must ..25..
neutralize potentially dangerous toxins, help repair of damaged or worn tissues, and
dispose of abnormal cells.
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Opties gatentekst MIND
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B
C
Effects
Influences
Produces
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A
B
C
D
Extending
Expanding
Decreasing
Limiting
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A
B
C
D
Either
Both
Neither
Nor
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A
B
C
D
Known
Ignored
Recovered
Affected
A
B
C
D
Reject
Apply
Affect
Ignore
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A
B
C
Well
Likely
Unlikely
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A
B
C
Before
After
Long before
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A
B
C
Minor
Original
Principal
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B
C
Recover
Cure
Heal
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B
C
Because
In order to
In turn to
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B
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Discovered
Applied
Ignored
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B
C
Making
Creating
Which
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A
B
C
D
Believe
Accept
Reject
Apply
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A
B
C
Themselves
Equally
Frequently
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A
B
C
D
Everything
Themselves
Each other
Approximately
A
B
C
Changes
Attacks
Charges
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B
C
D
On the one hand
On the other hand
In turn
In contrast
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B
C
D
Although
Despite this
Yet
For instance
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B
C
D
Into
But
Or
From
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B
C
D
Supposedly
Practically
Unlikely
Simultaneously
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9
10
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B
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Whether
Nor
Or
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B
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Else
Otherwise
In spite of this
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B
Those
Them
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Its
Their
Her
His
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B
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Also
Not
Originally
Exceptionally
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