Download Evolution Study Guide: Chapters 16

Evolution Study Guide: Chapters 16-19
1)
Why is Charles Darwin considered the founder of modern evolution theory? (p 450 on All of Ch 16) IDEA OF NATURAL
SELECTION, DEVELOPED THEORY OF EVOLUTION THAT DESCRIBES HIS IDEA OF TREE OF LIFE
2)
From Darwin’s travels, he noticed that many organisms seemed well suited to surviving in the environments in which they
lived as well as being influenced by Malthus, he developed the idea that the organisms that are generally best ADAPTED to
the environment will SURVIVE and REPRODUCE. What is this famous idea? NATURAL SELECTION
3)
From observing different-shaped beaks of finches and different shells and necks of tortoises in the Galapagos, Darwin
wondered if species living on different islands had once been members of the same SPECIES and if all the finches
descended from a common ANCESTOR . This local variation among tortoises was an example of ADAPTATION.
4)
P 454 What did the work of famous geologists James Hutton and Charles Lyell suggest about the age of the earth and its
processes? THAT THE EARTH WAS OLD (MILLIONS OF YEARS AND THAT THE PROCESSES THAT WORK NOW ARE THE SAME
PROCESSES THAT CHANGED/SHAPED THE EARTH IN THE PAST .
5)
P 457 What did economist Thomas Malthus reason about human population growth? THAT IF THE HUMAN POPULATION
GREW WITHOUT LIMITS (EX. DISEASE, ETC) THEN THEY WOULD RUN OUT OF FOOD AND SPACE . Darwin realized that this
idea could be generalized to any population of ORGANISMS
6)
Even in domestic breeding (artificial selection) breeders look for NATURAL variations in a species that would improve the
crops or livestock. Nature provides the variations and humans select those they find useful.
7)
P 460 Under what conditions does natural selection occur? (Explain struggle for survival due to inherited adaptations that
maximize fitness).______________________________________________________________________________
8)
P 465 The study of “where species and their ancestors(fossil species) live” is called _BIOGEOGRAPHY.
9)
P 468 Structures that have a similar embryological origin and structure, but are adapted for different purposes such as a bat
wing and a human arm are called HOMOLOGOUS_____. Structures that have the same function but not similar structure
are called ANALOGOUS.
10) P 469 A pelvic girdle in a snake skeleton is cited as an example of a VESTIGIAL structure.
11) P 470 Evidence for Evolution from molecular biology: The presence of a “nearly universal genetic code” means …….All living
cells use information coded in RNA__and _DNA__to carry information from one generation to the next and to direct
PROTEIN synthesis
12) P 472-3 Peter & Rosemary Grant have spent more that 35 years studying Galapagos finches. They found that the different
variations in beak size and shape produced differences in FITNESS__. Therefore, variation within a species increases the
likelihood of the species’ ADAPTING____and surviving environmental change (selective pressure)
13) P 483-484 GENETICS: Evolution involves a change in frequency of ALLELES in a population over time. Mutations, genetic
recombination in sexual reproduction and lateral gene transfer are three sources of GENETIC VARIATION____
14) P 489 Compare directional,
stabilizing, and
disruptive selection. (Draw graphs & define)
Which one favors the average phenotype? ____STABILIZING
15) P 490 A random change in frequency of alleles due to chance occurrences is called GENETIC DRIFT____________.
The type of genetic drift that follows the colonization of a new habitat (like Galapagos) by a small group of individuals is
called FOUNDER EFFECT _____.
16) P 491 -2What is genetic equilibrium and what five conditions can disturb it and cause evolution to occur? RANDOM
CHANGE IN ALLELE FREQUENCY CAUSED BY CHANCE OCCURRENCES 1. NONRANDOM MATING 2. SMALL POPULATION
SIZE 3. IMMIGRATION 4. MUTATIONS 5. NATURAL SELECTION OF (DIFFERENT PHENOTYPES HAVING DIFFERENT
FITNESS)
17) P494-5_GEOGRAPHIC isolation occurs when a physical barrier divides a population causing populations to no longer be
able to interbreed and exchange genes. Eventually, each gene pool might become so different that they could no longer
interbreed resulting in separate species. An example of TEMPORAL isolation occurs when formerly interbreeding
organisms can no longer mate and produce fertile offspring because they reproduce at different times….(ex. if two
populations mate during different seasons. )
18) HONORS: p 500 What is “evo-devo?” Explain the significance of HOX genes. EVO-DEVO - RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
EVOLUTION AND EMBRYOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT HOX – A CHANGE IN ONE HOX GENE CAN PRODUCE LARGE CHANGES IN
ADULT ANIMALS (THUS ACCOUNTING FOR BIG JUMPS IN EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY) __________
19) P 510 – Explain difference between taxonomy and classification.
TAXONOMY IS THE SCIENCE OF CLASSIFYING
ORGANISMS AND CLASSIFICATION IS PUTTING ANYTHING (CLOTHES, MUSIC, ETC.) INTO
GROUPS____________________What is the system for naming species with two words? (Scientific name = Genus
species)_BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE
20) KPCOFGS stands for KINGDOM, PHYLUM, CLASS, ORDER, FAMILY, GENUS, SPECIES
21) List the 6 kingdoms: ANIMALS, PLANTS, PROTISTS, FUNGI, EUBACTERIA, ARCHAEBACTERIA
3 domains _EUKARYA, ARCHAEA, BACTERIA ________
22) P 540 Difference in relative dating and radiometric dating _RELATIVE DATING ESTABLISHES THE AGE OF LAYERS AND THEIR
FOSSILS BY THEIR RELATION TO THE LOWER (OLDER) LAYERS AND THE UPPER (NEWER) LAYERS… RADIOMETRIC DATING
USES RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES WHICH BREAK DOWN AT A STEADY RATE TO CALCULATE AGE.
23) P 548 *(Analyzing Data) List 5 times there have been mass extinctions. ORDOVICIAN, DEVONIAN, PERMIAN, TRASSIC,
CRETACEOUS
24) P 550 Patterns: (Examples of each)
Adaptive Radiation - RAPID EVOLUTION OCCURING WHIEN A SPECIES MIGRATES TO A NEW ENVIRONMENT (LIKE
GALAPAGOS SPECIES OF TORTOISE) OR WHEN EXTINCTION CLEARS AN ENVIRONMENT OR A LARGE NUMBER OF
INHABITANTS (AGE OF DINOSAURS GAVE WAY TO AGE OF MAMMALS) ________
Convergent Evolution _EX. COMPLEX EYE OF VERTEBRATES & SQUID OR MAMMALS THAT FEED ON ANTS DEVELOPED
SIMILAR STRUCTURES DUE TO SIMILAR SELECTIVE PRESSURES ___________________________________
Coevolution PROCESS BY WHICH TWO SPECIES (EX. FLOWERING PLANT AND SPECIFIC POLLINATING INSECTS) EVOLVE IN
RESPONSE TO CHANGES IN EACH OTHER
25) Describe the endosymbiont theory: (explain picture on p 557 ) ______________ANCIENT PROKARYOTE MAY HAVE
ENTERED A PRIMITIVE EUKARYOTIC CELL (OR ANOTHER PROKARYOTE) AND BECAME A MITOCHONDRIA OR CHLOROPLAST.
What did Lynn Margulis propose as modern evidence for this? _BOTH MITOCHONDRIA AND CHLOROPLASTS CONTAIN
THEIR OWN DNA AND CARRY OUT BINARY FISSION ___________________________________
26) Mystery of Life’s Origins - P 553 The early earth contained little or no oxygen. What compounds did it contain?
CARBON DIOXIDE, WATER VAPOR, NITROGEN__
p 554 (Figure 19-15) MILLER and UREY____took these simple compounds and treated them in ways to simulate early earth.
The results were several Amino acids__ (building blocks of protein)
27) What organisms were responsible for producing free oxygen (which accumulated into the ozone layer)? CYANOBACTERIA