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Plants of Renfrew Ravine Plants Covered Ferns Native ● Deer Fern ● Sword Fern ● Maiden Fern Trees Native ● Alder ● Cottonwood ● Hemlock ● Oak ● Spruce Shrubs Native ● Flowering Red Currant ● Oregon Grape ● Salal ● Salmonberry Wildflowers Native ● Coltsfoot ● Dogwood ● Mountain Ash ● Plantain ● Skunk Cabbage Introduced Himalayan Blackberry Introduced ● Buttercup ● Dock ● Fuki ● Holly ● Japanese Knotweed ● Morning Glory ● Tansy ● Lily of the Valley Other Native ● Horsetail Introduced ● English Ivy ● Hops Native Plants of Renfrew Ravine Ferns Deer Fern Deer fern have sterile flat wavy leaflets 5 to 8 millimeters wide and fertile leaves that are much thinner. Young deer fern leaves were chewed by Hesquiat hunters and travellers as a hunger suppressant. The leaves can be used as a medicine for skin sores, which is said by a Hesquiat elder while watching deer rub their antlers on the stubs on the plant after the deer’s antlers had fallen off. Sword Fern The Sword Fern is an evergreen fern that is native to western North America. The dark green leaves can grow up to 1.6 – 5.9 ft tall. Each leave live for 1.5 – 2 years and attach to the rhizome after withering. The rhizome is a mass of roots usually found underground. In the spring when no other food was available the Native American peoples roasted, peeled and ate the rhizomes. Maiden Fern Maiden fern can be distinguished by the distinctive dark, often with black stripes and bright green leaf tissue. Maiden fern prefer generally organic rich, moist, and well-drained soil. Maiden fern are especially known to grow near waterfalls and water spewage areas. Trees Alder Alder are a deciduous species of tree that have alternating leaves with serrated edges. Alders are most commonly found near streams, rivers and wetlands. Alder trees are important for an ecosystem as they provide a symbiotic relationship with nitrogen-fixing bacterium found in the root nodules. The bacterium provides nitrogen that the alder can use and through photosynthesis the Alder trees provide sugars for the bacterium. This mutual relationship improves the fertility of the soil surrounding the area in which the alder grows. Alder is sought after to be used in the creation of furniture. Cottonwood Cottonwoods are large trees that grow up to the heights of 30 meteres to 50 meters. The leaves on the cottonwood are dark and glossy on the topside and have an acute tip. Cottonwoods have high levels of rooting hormones that allow them to sprout readily. This allows the tree to sometimes regenerate after logging operations by regenerating from the rooting of partially buried fragments or from stumps. Cottonwood trees are excellent as they have short fibers and are lightweight, which allow them to be used in the production of high-quality book and magazine paper. Cottonwood trees can also be used medicinally in the creation of slaves from the inner bark that would be used to treat wounds and a number of illnesses. Hemlock Hemlock can be recognized as a medium to large sized evergreen tree that range from 10 - 60m tall. The bark is commonly deeply furrowed with colour ranging from grey to brown. The branches are arranged horizontally from the trunk and are usually arranged in a flattened downwards towards the tip. Hemlock leaves are arranged spirally on the stem and are slightly angular. Hemlock have adapted to relatively moist, cool areas with high rainfall, cool summers and little to no water stress. Hemlock trees are important for the the timber industry as they are used for wood pulps. Many species are used for horticulture ( a branch of agriculture that deals with art, science and technology) and to be cultivated in gardens. Oak Oak trees can be identified by the spirally arranged leaves and some species having serrated leaves. A single oak tree in the spring produces both male flowers and female flowers. Oak trees produce a fruit called an acorn that contained in a cup like structure called a cupule. The acorns of oak trees were eaten by the Salish peoples after soaking to leach out the bitter taste. The bark was also used as ingredients in the Saanich ‘4 barks’ medicine used to treat tuberculosis and other ailments. Spruce Spruce trees can be distinguished by their needles/leaves attached in a spiral fashion to the branch. After 4 - 10 years the needles/leaves are shed, leaving the branches with a rough retained pegs. The needles of the Spruce treets were thought to give special powers for protection against evil thoughts. The Ditidaht and other Nuu-chah-nulth people sued the needles in winter dance cermonies to protect the dancers and to ‘scare’ specators. The Makah peoples were said to eat the young shoots raw as they were an excellent source of vitamin C.The inner bark was used as a laxative by the Nuxalk. The toors were carefully pulled out of the ground in the early summer and ‘cooked’ briefly to prevent them from turning brown, then peeled, split and bundled for later use. Shrubs Flowering Red Currant The Flowering Red Currant is a deciduous shrub growing to 2m tall and wide, which also have a bark that is a dark brownish-grey color. The leaves of the flowering red currant are 2 – 7 cm long and wide and also have flowers which grow the same time as the leaves are produced that have up to 5 red or pink petals. The berries are edible but tasteless. They were eaten by various Coast Salish groups such as the Squamish, Cowichan, Sechelt and Saanich. Oregon Grape Oregon Grape is a species of flowering plant that is an evergreen shrub growing to 1m tall and 1.5m wide. The leaves resemble holly and the stem and twigs have a thickened, corky appearance. Oregon Grape produce small purplish-black fruits, that are very tart and contain seeds. The fruits are sometimes used to make jelly alone or mixed with other sweeter fruits. The juices of the fruit can also be used to make wine as well the inner bark is able to be harvested to yield yellow dye, while the fruit yields purple dye. Oregon Grape can also be used medicinally to treat indigestion, and can be useful in treatment of inflammatory skin diseases. Salal Salal can grows up to 0.2 – 5 meters in height. The leaves are a dark shade of evergreen and leaves are spoon shaped with a sharp tooth edge. The flowers are bell shaped that face towards the ground. The flowers are a pink and white color which can grow up to 15mm in length on the ends of branches. By shaping a Salal leaf into a tiny cone you can create a cup. The dark juicy berries are important for aboriginal peoples as they are plentiful in on the Northwest Coast. The fruits can also be eaten fresh or dried and put into cakes. The berries can also be used to prepare jams or preserves and ripe berries hard great for their flavour and juiciness. SalmonBerry Salmonberry is an attractive shrub that is a favorite of hummingbirds. It is usually found in open forest and in sun or part shaded areas. The roots of Salmonberry prevent erosion, as the soil is held intact at the edge of rivers, streams and lakes. Salmonberry is great for attracting wildlife, especially hummingbirds. Salmonberry will in time form a dense thicket that will provide an ideal spot for nesting birds and small mammals alike. Salmonberry bushes do contain berries that are edible. The taste ranges from bush to bush and year to year, if you do plan on tasting some please pick the berries where there is an abundance of salmon berries that support harvesting. Wildflowers Coltsfoot Coltsfoot is a herbaceous and perennial plant, meaning that it lives for more than two years. Usually coltsfoot is found in colonies of dozen and its flowers resemble dandelions superficially. Coltsfoot is typically 10 - 30 cm in height and have angular teeth on their margins. Coltsfoot has been used a herbal medicine and consumed as a food product in some sweets. Austrians have used coltsfoot medicinally as tea or syrup or even applied externally to treat disorders of the respiratory tract, skin, locomotor system, viral infections, flu, fever and gout. Coltsfoot has been documented containing a toxin that when used in tea has caused severe liver problems in infants. Dogwood The distinctive bark, flowers and berries can generally distinguish dogwoods. The leaves of the Pacific Dogwood are opposite, simple, oval 8 – 12 cm long and 5 – 8cm wide. The berries that the Dogwood produces are pink-red berries that contain 50 – 100 small seeds inside; the berries are edible but not that delectable. Some Plateau Indian tribes used the bark of the Dogwood as a laxative and to induce vomiting that was used medically to expel substances from the body. Mountain Ash Mountain Ash can be identified by the slender trunk and the red fruit that develop from the small white and yellowish flowers that bloom in the spring. The red fruit that grows from these flowers riper in August to October and are eaten by many bird species. The berries were not generally eaten by the northwest coast peoples, but the Haida sometimes ate the berries raw. The berries are now used occasionally to make a tart jelly, which is served with game. The Nuxalk peoples also used the berries to combat lice and dandruff by rubbing the berries on their scalps. In traditionally Australian medicine the berries were used to treat internal disorders of the respiratory tract, fever, infections, colds, flu, and gout. Plantain Plantains are herbaceous plants that can be identified by the three to five parallel veins on the leaves. Plantains are most commonly found in wet area like bogs and can be found all over the world including, America, Asia, Australia, New Zealand, Africa and Europe. Plantain has been used since prehistoric times as herbal remedies. The herb is an anti-toxic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anti-histamine which makes it great for insect bites, poison-ivy rashes, minor sores and boils. The leaves can also be used as a leaf vegetable in salads and green sauces. Skunk Cabbage Skunk cabbage is grown from a short thick underground root. The plant is anchored firmly in the ground by numerous white roots. The leaves of the plant are giant egg and lance shaped leaves that have a bright green shine to them. The flower head reaches from 30 – 50 cm and is detectable due to the odor that is released. Skunk cabbage roots are used by bears who consume the plant after hibernation as a laxative. It was also used to wrap line berry baskets and to wrap around whole salmon and other foods when baked under a fire. Skunk cabbage can Other Horsetail Horsetail have little to no leaves, which make the plant usually non-photosynthetic. Horsetails prefer mostly wet sandy soil, though some are semi-aquatic and others have adapted to wet clay-like soils. Horsetails are also unaffected by many herbicides that are intended to kill seed plants. If eaten over time, horsetails can be poisonous to grazing animals, especially horses. Horsetail can also be eaten cooked or raw when young. Horsetails are also used to make a green dye as well as used for polishing tools by Indians. In ancient Greek and Roman records, horsetails were used medicinally to treat bleeding, tuberculosis, to heal wounds, and kidney illnesses. In South America horsetail is administered orally to reduce swelling, caused by urinary infection, bladder and kidney disorders. It should be noted that there is insufficient evidence to draw conclusions towards horsetail being able to effectively treat all human illness as described. Introduced Species Shrubs Himalayan Blackberries Himalayan Blackberries are petite, white or faint pink flowers with prickly stems, the canes grow up to 3 meters in height and 12 meters in length. The Himalayan blackberries spread by roots and stem fragments and animals such as birds, bears and foxes that disperse the seeds. Humans also contribute to the introduction of Himalayan Blackberries into the environment by planting their canes. Himalayan Blackberries outcompete low growing native vegetation by causing shading and build-up of dead leaves and stems. Blackberries take over stream channels and reduce sight lines as well as increasing soil erosion by out-competing with low growing shrubs Wildflowers Buttercup Buttercup can be identified by the especially lustrous and colorful yellow flowers. Buttercup usually flower in the spring, but can be found throughout the summer, especially where the plants are growing as they act as opportunistic colonizers. All buttercup species are poisonous when eaten; this usually causes buttercups to be untouched. Upon consumption the symptoms include bloody diarrhea, excessive salivation, abdominal pain, and severe blistering of the mouth. As buttercup die, the toxin degrades, allowing for safe consumption. Dock Dock are a very common herb that grows in the Northern hemisphere, but some species of Dock have been introduced elsewhere. Dock can be identified by the fleshy to leathery leaves from the root. The flowers are carried above the leaves and can function as a male or female. Dock has been used for tanning as the leaves contain up to 25% of a molecule called Tannin that is used for tanning. Dock is also used a traditional remedy for the string of nettels. Fuki Fuki is also known as bog rhubarb, japanese sweet coltsfoot and is a herbaceous plant. Fuki contains a toxin known as pyrrolizidine alkaloids which has been associated with cumulative damage to the live and linked to tumor formation. Fuki also contains a carcinogenic. Fuki can be traditionally prepared by pre-treating with ash or baking soda and soaking in water to remove harshness. The shoot can then be chopped up and stir fried with miso to make Fuki-miso which can be used as a topping on rice. The bulb-like shoots can also be picked and fried as tempura. In Korea, Fuki is steamed and then pressed to remove water. Sesame oil is added to make namul(seasoned vegetable dish). Note: They can also be used as umbrellas! Holly Holly can be identified by the glossy green and spiny margin on the leaves. Holly produce fruits, which can range from being coloured red to brown to black and rarely green or yellow. Holly quickly moves into native forest and thrives in shady areas. In these areas Holly crowds out the native species and starts to take over.The fruits of Holly are generally toxic to humans, causing diarrhea or vomiting when ingested. The leaves of Holly plants can also sometimes cause diarrhea nausea, vomiting, and other stomach and intestinal problems. However, the fruits are an important food source for animals such as birds, which help disperse the seeds. Japanese Knotweed Japanese Knotweed has small white-green flowers that grow in clusters along the stem and leaf joints. The stems grow 1 – 5 meters in height at maturity and the leaves grow to 8 – 10 centimeters wide and 15 centimeters in length. A factor that differentiates the Japanese Knotweed from others is that the leaves are arranged in a zigzag pattern along the stem. Knotweed spreads rapidly throughout the root system and tend to thrive on fresh soil in moist locations. Infestation can dominate road banks, riverbanks and rights-of-way. Knotweeds threaten biodiversity and disrupt the food chain and increase soil erosion potential and disrupt food chains by reducing available habitat and increasing soil erosion potential. Morning Glory Morning Glory can be distinguished by their flower’s that unravel into full bloom in the morning. They prefer full sunlight exposure throughout the day and moist soil. Morning Glory was first known in China for it’s medicinal uses due to the laxative properties in its seeds. Morning Glory was introduced to the Japanese in the 9th century and, were the first to cultivate it as an ornamental flower. In the Edo period, Morning Glory was very popular and used often. Tansy Tansy is a herbaceous plant with finely divided compound leaves and yellow, button-like flowers. The smooth stout is usually 50 – 150cm tall and branching near the top. The leaves grow in an alternating pattern and are 10 – 15cm long. The roundish button-like flower at the top is produced in clusters from mid-to-late summer. The scent of the flower is close to rosemary. The leaves and flowers are toxic when consumed him high quantities; the volatile oil contains toxic compounds that cause liver and brain damage. Tansy has historically been used to treat intestinal worms, digestive problems, fevers, sores and to “bring out” measles. Tansy was used in the Middle Ages to induce abortions and used to help prevent miscarriages. Tansy has also been used for its insect repellant in the worm warding type of embalming Lily of the Valley Lily of the valley is a sweet scented and highly poisonous herbaceous and perennial (living for more than two years) plant. The stems grow to 15 - 30 cm tall with one or two leaves that grow out to be 10 - 25 cm long accompanying the plant. The flowers form a bell shape at the base and are sweetly scented. In Christian legend, the plant sprouted from the tears of Virgin Mary after the crucifixion of Jesus. Lily of the valley has also been used as a symbol in religious paintings and considered as the second coming of Christ. All parts of the plant are highly poisonous, including the red berries that grow and are attractive to children. If consumed, even in small amounts the plant can cause stomach pains, vomiting, reduced heart rate, blurred vision, drowsiness, and red skin rashes. Other English Ivy English Ivy grows rapidly and needs very little light or water once established and even grows during the winter. English Ivy has dull green, lobed leaves with light veins that grow alternately along trailing or climbing stems. Ivy covers shrubs and encircles trees of all sizes that eventually lead to the plants dying from not receiving enough light due to being shaded by the ivy. Hops Humulus lupulus or more commonly called, Hops is a species of flowering plant. Every spring it shoots its seeds out and die when the weather gets cold. Hops can be seen overgrowing, but not entirely affecting plant ecosystems. Hops are mainly used as an ingredient in beers as it provides a bitter flavor and has preservative qualities. References Himalayan Blackberries: http://bcinvasives.ca/invasive-species/identify/invasive-species/invasive-plants/himalayan-black berry/ Japanese Knotweed http://bcinvasives.ca/invasive-species/identify/invasive-species/invasive-plants/knotweed/ English Ivy http://bcinvasives.ca/invasive-species/identify/invasive-species/invasive-plants/english-ivy/ Deer Fern https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blechnum_spicant http://nativeplantwildlifegarden.com/deer-fern/ Skunk Cabbage https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysichiton_americanus Salal http://www.bcadventure.com/adventure/wilderness/wildflowers/salal.htm Hops https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humulus_lupulus Sword Fern https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polystichum_munitum Salmon Berry http://www.nwplants.com/business/catalog/rub_spe.html Buttercup https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranunculus Alder https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alder Cottonwood https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populus_trichocarpa Plantain https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantago Oregon Grape https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahonia_aquifolium Tansy https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tansy Dogwood https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornus Flower Red Current https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribes_sanguineum Horsetail https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equisetum Coltsfoot https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tussilago Hemlock https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsuga https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horticulture Maiden Fern https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adiantum Lily of the Valley https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lily_of_the_valley Morning Glory https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morning_glory Oak https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak Dock https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumex Spruce https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spruce Holly https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holly Mountain Ash https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbus_aucuparia Fuki https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petasites_japonicus