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www.k6-geometric-shapes.com Geometry Dictionary Acute Angle: Any angle measuring greater than 0° and less than 90° Acute Triangle: A triangle where ALL THREE angles are acute angles. See Acute Angle Adjacent Angles: Angles that are IMMEDIATELY next to each other. Adjacent Sides: Sides of a shape that are IMMEDIATELY next to each other. Align: When you arrange items in a straight line. You can align edges or even center points of shapes. By Niamh Juhl www.K6Math.com www.k6-geometric-shapes.com Geometry Dictionary Alternate: Angles opposite each other when created by drawing a transversal line. See Transversal Line Altitude: The perpendicular distance from the highest vertex of a shape to the shapes base line. Angle: The amount of rotation, in an anti clockwise direction, between two intersecting lines, measure by degrees. Angle Bisector: The name given to a line, line segment or ray; that divides an angle into two equal parts. Angle of Rotation: By Niamh Juhl www.K6Math.com The number of degrees an object is rotated around a fixed point. This is always measured in a clockwise direction. www.k6-geometric-shapes.com Geometry Dictionary Anti-Clockwise: The opposite direction to the way the hands on an analogue clock move. Also known as counter clockwise. Apex: The highest point on a two dimensional (2D) or three dimensional (3D) shape. Arc: A section of a curve, or part of a circle. Area: The amount of SURFACE a shape occupies – measured in square units. Asymmetry: A shape that does not have sides exactly the same. By Niamh Juhl www.K6Math.com www.k6-geometric-shapes.com Geometry Dictionary Attribute: This is a characteristic. Attributes can be color, size, shape or any other distinguishing characteristic. We usually sort according to attribute. Axis: This can be a real or an imaginary reference line. Axis of Symmetry: This is the line that divides symmetrical shapes in half. Base: This can be the bottom line of a two dimensional shape, or the bottom face of a three dimensional figure. Bi-: This is a prefix meaning two or twice of something. An example: Bicycle – two wheels. Bisect: To divide into two equal parts. By Niamh Juhl www.K6Math.com www.k6-geometric-shapes.com Geometry Dictionary Bisector: A line, point or plane that divides something into two equal parts. Boundry: A line creating the outside edge of a shape. It is also known as the perimeter. Breadth: The distance from one side of a shape to its other side. Sometimes referred to as ‘width’. Calculate: To perform mathematical operations. Calculator: A device used to perform mathematical operations. Capacity: The amount a container can hold. Usually measured in cubic units. By Niamh Juhl www.K6Math.com www.k6-geometric-shapes.com Geometry Dictionary Carroll Diagram: A sorting diagram named after Lewis Carroll. Cartesian Plane: Also called the coordinate plane. Contains two perpendicular axis – X-Axis and Y-Axis. Points are plotted taking a position from both the X and Y axis. The X-Axis is always listed first. e.g. (3,10) Chord: A line segment connecting two points on a circles perimeter. Circle: A plane shape drawn by a line whose points are equidistant from any given point. A circle is a closed curve. Circumference: The distance around (the boundary or perimeter) a circle. Calculated by equation: P = 2πr Clockwise: The direction the hands on an analogue clock move. By Niamh Juhl www.K6Math.com www.k6-geometric-shapes.com Geometry Dictionary Closed Curve: Any curve where it joins itself at its starting point. Cointerior Angles: The inner angles on the SAME SIDE of a line drawn across to parallel lines. Colinear: When objects are situated on the same line. Colinear Points: Three or more points that lie on the same line. Compass: An instrument used to create circles Complimentary Angles: Two angles whose SUM equals 90° By Niamh Juhl www.K6Math.com www.k6-geometric-shapes.com Geometry Dictionary Concave: Curved inwards. The opposite of convex. Concave Quadrilateral: A quadrilateral with at least one reflex angle. Concave Polygon: A polygon with at least one reflex angle. Concentric Circles: Circles different in size, but sharing a center point. Cone: A solid shape composed of a circular or elliptical base, and a curved surface which tapers to a vertex. By Niamh Juhl www.K6Math.com www.k6-geometric-shapes.com Geometry Dictionary Congruent Figures: A congruent figure has all equal sides and all equal angles. Converging Lines: Lines that all head in the direction of the same point. Convex: Curved outwards – the opposite of concave. Convex Quadrilateral: A quadrilateral where no angles are greater than 180° (reflex) Coordinates: Pairs of letters or numbers indicating a points position on the Cartesian/coordinate plane. These are always indicated with the X-Axis value first followed by the Y-Axis. By Niamh Juhl www.K6Math.com www.k6-geometric-shapes.com Geometry Dictionary Coordinate Plane: See Cartesian Plane. Coplanar: Geometric objects that exist on the same plane. Corner: The points where surfaces/vertices meet. Corresponding Angles: Angles that have the same position created by one line intersecting two or more parallel lines. Counter Clockwise: See Anti Clockwise By Niamh Juhl www.K6Math.com www.k6-geometric-shapes.com Geometry Dictionary Cross Section: The face that results when a solid shape is cut. Cube: A solid form whose shape is created by six congruent squares. A Cube is also a Platonic Solid. Cubic: The term used when describing a unit of volume. Cuboid: A right prism created by six regular faces. If all faces are square it is said to be a cube. Curve: A line that is NOT straight. Cyclic Quadrilateral: A quadrilateral where a circle can be circumscribed to contain ALL four vertices. By Niamh Juhl www.K6Math.com www.k6-geometric-shapes.com Geometry Dictionary Cylinder: A solid shape composed of two congruent circles and one curved surface. Deca-: Prefix meaning 10. Decagon: A 10 sided polygon. Decahedron: A polyhedron with 10 faces. Decrease: To make smaller in size. Deduct: To subtract or take away. Degree: The unit which angles are measured by. Diagonal: A line joining two NON adjacent vertices. By Niamh Juhl www.K6Math.com www.k6-geometric-shapes.com Geometry Dictionary Diameter: A line connecting two points on a circle which also INCLUDES the central point of the circle. Diamond: A plane shape with 4 equal sides and NO right angles. Also known as a Rhombus. Distance: The length between two points or objects. Divisible: Can be divided without remainders. Dodeca: Prefix for 12. Dodecagon: A polygon with 12 straight edges. By Niamh Juhl www.K6Math.com www.k6-geometric-shapes.com Geometry Dictionary Edge: Where two surfaces intersect or join. Elipse: An oval shaped plane shape, resembling a flattened circle. Endpoint: The point denoting the end of a line segment. Equation: This is a mathematical statement containing an equal sign showing that two expressions have the same value. Equiangular: A shape that has all angles equal. All Regular polygons are equiangular. By Niamh Juhl www.K6Math.com www.k6-geometric-shapes.com Geometry Dictionary Equilateral: A triangle whose sides are all the same length. Euler’s Formula: For any convex Polyhedrons surface, Euler’s Formula states: V – E + F = 2 where V,E & F are vertices, edges and faces. Exterior Angles: The angle formed on the outside of a Polygon, when one side is extended. Face: The flat surface of a three dimensional shape. Finite: Something that can be counted. It has a definite beginning and end. The opposite of infinite. By Niamh Juhl www.K6Math.com www.k6-geometric-shapes.com Geometry Dictionary Flat: A shape that has no depth. Flip: To turn over. Flip is a term used to describe one type of geometric transformation. Formula: A rule, usually containing symbols (as it is true for all cases) and describes the relationship between quantities. Geometry: One of the two earliest areas of math to be studied. (The other was numbers). It studies the shapes, solids, points, lines, rays and curves and their relationship in space. Graph: A drawing or diagram used to represent data. There are many types of graphs – this image shows a line graph. By Niamh Juhl www.K6Math.com www.k6-geometric-shapes.com Geometry Dictionary Graph Paper: Paper pre-printed with a specific scaled grid for ease of graph drawing. Half: One of two equal parts. When an object is cut into two equal parts, each portion is one half. Height: The perpendicular distance from the top of an object to the bottom/base. Hemisphere: A solid shape that is one half a sphere. Hepta - : A prefix meaning 7. Heptagon: A polygon with 7 sides. By Niamh Juhl www.K6Math.com www.k6-geometric-shapes.com Geometry Dictionary Heptahedron: A polyhedron with 7 faces. Hexa-: A prefix meaning 6. Hexagon: A polygon with six sides. Hexahedron: A polyhedron with six faces. Horizontal: The opposite of vertical. In geometry, a line is said to be horizontal if it is parallel to the X-Axis. In this image the base of the front triangular face of the tent is horizontal. Hypotenuse: The longest side of a right angled triangle. By Niamh Juhl www.K6Math.com www.k6-geometric-shapes.com Geometry Dictionary Icosa-: Prefix meaning 20. Icosagon: A polygon with 20 sides. Icosahedron: A polyhedron made up of 20 faces. Increase: To make larger in size. Infinite: No definite end. The opposite of finite. Infinity: Unable to be counted – it has no end. Interior Angles: 1: An angle within a polygon. 2: Angles within two lines, created when crossed by a third (transversal) line. By Niamh Juhl www.K6Math.com www.k6-geometric-shapes.com Geometry Dictionary Intersect: Where lines cross one another. The point the lines have in common is called the point of intersection. Irregular Polygon: A shape that does NOT have all sides equal or all angles equal is said to be an Irregular Polygon. Isometric: To have equal dimensions or measurement. Isometric Paper: Paper created with dots (dot paper) or grids (grid paper) to assist with isometric drawings. Isosceles Triangle: A triangle that has two sides equal in length. Its base angles are also equal in measure. By Niamh Juhl www.K6Math.com www.k6-geometric-shapes.com Geometry Dictionary Kite: A plane shape – a quadrilateral, with two sets of lines equal in length and one set of equal angles. The lines joining opposite angles ALWAYS intersect at 90° Length: Distance from one end to another. Line: An infinite set of points going in opposite directions, with an angle of 180° Line of symmetry: An object or shape has a line of symmetry if it can be divided into two equal and identical parts by that line. Line segment: A section of a line with a beginning and end point. By Niamh Juhl www.K6Math.com www.k6-geometric-shapes.com Geometry Dictionary Maximum: Greatest value or amount. Highest point Measure: Use of standard units to measure size or quantity. Measurement can be made of length, area, weight (mass) volume, temperature and time. Measurement: The exact measure of an object or quantity. Mono-: Prefix for 1. Nona-: Prefix for 9. Nonagon: Polygon with 9 sides. Numerals: Symbols used to represent a number. By Niamh Juhl www.K6Math.com www.k6-geometric-shapes.com Geometry Dictionary Oblique: Lines at an angle to the X-Axis (Horizon) Oblique Prism: A prism with bases NOT aligned directly above each other. Obtuse Angle: Any angle greater than 90° and less than 180° Obtuse Triangle: A triangle that contains one obtuse angle. Octa-: A prefix meaning 8. Octagon: A polygon with 8 sides. By Niamh Juhl www.K6Math.com www.k6-geometric-shapes.com Geometry Dictionary Order of Rotation: How many times an outline matches its original during one full rotation. Ordered Pair: Ordered Pairs are used to indicate a points position in geometry. (3,1) is NOT the same as (1,3). The ORDER is essential. Origin: The point of intersection of the X-Axis and the Y-Axis on the Cartesian plane. Paralell lines: Lines that will NEVER intersect. Parallelogram A quadrilateral with opposite sides equal in length, and parallel. By Niamh Juhl www.K6Math.com www.k6-geometric-shapes.com Geometry Dictionary Pattern A repetition of objects. Penta-: Prefix for 5. Pentagon: A polygon with 5 sides. Pentahedron: A polyhedron with 5 sides. Perimeter: The outline of a two dimensional shape. Perpendicular: Two lines that meet at 90° are said to be perpendicular. By Niamh Juhl www.K6Math.com www.k6-geometric-shapes.com Geometry Dictionary Perpendicular Bisector: A line that intersects a line segment at 90° AND bisects the line segment. Pi: The ratio of a circles circumference to its diameter. The exact value of pi is yet to be identified. When calculating with Pi, it is traditional to leave in symbol form, use the value of 22/7 or use the value 3.14 Plane Shape: A flat shape with only two dimensions, height and width. It has no depth. Platonic Solid: Five Regular Polyhedra made only with either equilateral triangles, squares or pentagons. The five are: Cube, Tetrahedron, Octahedron, Icosahedron and the Dodecahedron. Poly-: Prefix for many. Polygon: A plane shape with three or more straight lines. By Niamh Juhl www.K6Math.com www.k6-geometric-shapes.com Geometry Dictionary Polyhedron: A Three dimensional object made up of plane shapes. Position: Where something is when compared to another object or its surroundings. Prism: 1: Right Prism: A three dimensional shape made up of two identical plane shapes, and all other faces are rectangles. 2: Oblique Prism: See Oblique Prism. Protractor: An instrument used during geometric drawings to measure the degrees of angles Pyramid: A three dimensional shape composed of a polygon as its base, and all other faces congruent triangles that meet at the top (a common vertex) By Niamh Juhl www.K6Math.com www.k6-geometric-shapes.com Geometry Dictionary Pythagoras: A Greek Mathematician who lived circa 500BC. Famous for his theorems on the Right Angled Triangles. Pythagorean Theorem: In a right angled triangle, the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides. Quadrangle: A polygon with 4 sides and 4 angles. Quadrant (Circle): A quarter of a circle, or a quarter of a circles circumference. Quadrant (Cartesian Plane): Any quarter of the plane made by the intersection of the X and Y-Axes. By Niamh Juhl www.K6Math.com www.k6-geometric-shapes.com Geometry Dictionary Quadrilateral: A polygon with 4 sides. Quarter: One of four equal parts. Radius: Distance from the center to the circumference of a circle. Ratio: A comparative value of two or more amounts. Ray: A line with a start point but no end point. Rectangle: A quadrilateral with 4 right angles and two sets of parallel lines. By Niamh Juhl www.K6Math.com www.k6-geometric-shapes.com Geometry Dictionary Rectangular Prism: A polyhedron with two identical rectangular faces, joined by all other faces which are congruent. Also known as a cuboid. Reflection: A mirror image. Reflex Angle: Any angle measuring between 180° and 360° Revolution: One complete turn through 360° Rhombus: A quadrilateral with 4 equal sides, and where opposite angles are equal. See Kite also. Right Angle: An angle measuring 90° By Niamh Juhl www.K6Math.com www.k6-geometric-shapes.com Geometry Dictionary Rotation: To turn an object. Rotational Symmetry: If, when an object is rotated, it has the SAME OUTLINE as its original shape, it is said to have Rotational Symmetry. Scale: To enlarge or reduce an object. Scalene Triangle: A triangle where all three sides have DIFFERENT lengths. Sector: A section of a circle defined by two radii and an arc. Segment: A section of a circle defined by a chord and an arc. By Niamh Juhl www.K6Math.com www.k6-geometric-shapes.com Geometry Dictionary Semi Circle (Half Circle): Half a circle. Septa-: Prefix for 7. Septagon: A polygon with 7 sides. Shape: A form or outline of an object. Side: The line or curve on the outside of a shape that joins the shapes vertices. Size: How big or small something is. Solid: A three dimensional shape. By Niamh Juhl www.K6Math.com www.k6-geometric-shapes.com Geometry Dictionary Solution: Answer to a problems. Sphere: A 3-Dimensional solid where all surface points are equidistant from a given point which is its center. Square: A quadrilateral with 4 sides equal in length, AND 4 right angles. Straight Angle: Any angle that equals 180° Straight Line: The shortest distance between two points. Supplementary Angle: Two angles whose sum is 180° By Niamh Juhl www.K6Math.com www.k6-geometric-shapes.com Geometry Dictionary Surface: A set of points that define a space. A surface can be curved or flat. Surface Area: The total area of ALL surfaces of a three dimensional figure. Symmetry: An object has symmetry when one half is a mirror image of the other half. Tangent: A straight line that touches a circle at ONLY one point. Tangram: A square cut into seven pieces. By Niamh Juhl www.K6Math.com www.k6-geometric-shapes.com Geometry Dictionary Tessellation: Patterns created from shapes that fit together with NO gaps. Tetrahedron: A polyhedron with four triangular faces. It is one of the five Platonic Solids. See Platonic Solid also. Three Dimensional (3D): Has three dimensions – Length, Breadth (width) and Height. Transformation: A change in position or size. It can be created by flipping, rotating, translating or enlarging. Translation: To move an object in any direction without rotating it. Trapezium: A quadrilateral with NO parallel sides. By Niamh Juhl www.K6Math.com www.k6-geometric-shapes.com Geometry Dictionary Tri-: Prefix meaning three. Triangle: A three sided polygon. Triangular Prism: A prism whose two bases are congruent triangles and all other faces (3) are congruent rectangles. Turn: Rotate around a fixed point. Turning Symmetry: Rotating an object about a point. Two Dimensional (2D): Having only two dimensions; Length and Breadth. Uniform Cross Section: When a solid undergoes a cross section, and the new resulting face is the same size as the solids base, the cross section is said to be Uniform. By Niamh Juhl www.K6Math.com www.k6-geometric-shapes.com Geometry Dictionary Vertex: The point where sides or surfaces meet to create a corner. Vertical: At right angles to the horizon, or the X-Axis on the Cartesian Plane. In this image, the telephone poles are vertical. Vertically Opposite: Directly opposite. Volume: The capacity of a three dimensional object measured in Cubic Units. By Niamh Juhl www.K6Math.com www.k6-geometric-shapes.com Geometry Dictionary Width: Also known as breadth. The distance from one side of a shape to the other. X-Axis: The horizontal axis of the Cartesian Plane. X-Coordinate: The first element of an ordered pair. The position of a point in relation to the X-Axis. In the example (3,10) the value of the X-coordinate is 3. Y-Axis: The vertical axis of the Cartesian Plane. Y-Coordinate: The second element of an ordered pair. The position of a point in relation to the Y-Axis. In the example (3,10) the value of the Y-coordinate is 10. By Niamh Juhl www.K6Math.com