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Basic Anatomy Aaron J. Katz, AEMT-P, CIC www.es26medic.net Outline General Anatomy By body region An overview Airway Anatomy Breathing Mechanics Body Substance Isolation Some Definitions Anatomy Physiology Study of human structure Study of human function Pathophysiology Study of what happens when normal physiology does not work correctly Anatomic Position Person facing forward with palms facing forward Used to provide uniformity in describing the body and its components Examples… Terms of Direction Posterior Back Anterior Front (belly side) Superior Inferior Medial Lateral Proximal Distal Upper part of body Lower part of body Toward the midline Away from the midline Nearer to the body Further from the body (Dorsal) (Ventral) Terms of Direction -- 2 Cephalic Relating to the head Caudal Relating to the tail Erect Body standing upright Supine Lying on the back Prone Lying face downward Laterally recumbent Lying on the side (Recovery Position) Movements Flexion Decrease in angle between 2 bones Extension Increase in angle between 2 bones Abduction Movement away from the midline Adduction Movement towards the midline Positions Prone Supine Fowler’s Position Semi-Fowler’s Position Trendelenberg Position Shock Position Musculoskeletal System Three main functions Divided into two segments Shape Protection Movement Axial Appendicular 206 bones Skull Skull vs. Cranium Four parts Frontal Parietal Temporal Occipital Skull -- 2 Orbits Nasal bones Zygoma Maxilla Mandible Spinal Column – 5 divisions Cervical – 7 “bones” Thoracic – 12 bones Lumbar – 5 bones Sacrum – 5 bones Coccyx – 4 bones (“fused”) “Tail” Thorax 12 pairs of ribs 10 pairs articulate with sternum 2 lowest pairs are called “floating ribs” Sternum – 3 parts Manubrium Sternal “body” Xyphoid Process Pelvis Ilium Ischium Posterior portion Pubis Acetabulum Large bone containing the “iliac crests” Socket of the hip joint Fractures in the pelvic area are often life threatening… Lower Extremities Femur – thigh Largest bone of the body Patella – Knee cap Tibia – Shin Fibula Lower Extremities -- 2 Malleolus Tarsals Ankle Metatarsals Lateral and medial Foot Phalanges Toes Lower Extremities -- 3 Arteries Femoral Popliteal Posterior tibial Dorsalis Pedis Upper Extremities Clavicle Most frequently broken bone in the body Scapula Shoulder Girdle Humerus Radius / Ulna Carpals, Metacarpal, Phalanges Arteries Brachial, Radial, Ulnar Joints Fused Hinged Skull Fontanelles Fingers, Knee Ball and Socket Shoulder “Hip” Muscles Same function as skeleton Three types of muscles Voluntary Under control of brain via the nervous system Responsible for movement Involuntary Responsible to “automatically” control GI, GU, Blood Vessel Size, Breathing, Heart “Beat” Cardiac Muscle Specialized form of involuntary muscle Has the property of automaticity Allows the heart to generate electrical impulse on its own Automaticity and heart disease The Abdomen Divided into four quadrants RUQ LUQ Stomach, Spleen, Colon RLQ Liver, Gallbladder, Colon Appendix, Colon LLQ Colon The Abdomen -- 2 Small Intestine Found in all quadrants Retroperitoneal Organs Pancreas Urinary Bladder Behind RUQ and LUQ Behind RLQ and LLQ Kidneys Above the level of the umbilicus Abdominopelvic Organs Hollow Stomach Small Intestine Appendix Large Intestine (colon) Ureters Urinary Bladder Urethra Abdominopelvic Organs Solid Liver Spleen Kidneys Pancreas Abdominopelvic Organs Reproductive Female Ovaries, Fallopian Tubes, Uterus, Vagina Male Scrotum, Penis All organs are outside of the body cavity Airway Anatomy Mouth / Nose Oropharynx / Nasopharynx Pharynx Throat Airway Anatomy -- 2 Trachea “Tube” surrounded by semicircular cartilage – giving it shape Top cartilage is the Cricoid Cartilage Totally surrounds the tube Many implications in emergency medicine Ventilation CPR … Airway Anatomy -- 3 Bronchi 3 on the right side 2 on the left side Bronchioles Alveoli One cell thick Oxygen (O2) in Carbon Dioxide (CO2) out O2 and CO2 diffuse to/from capillaries to/from alveoli – the action is here! Breathing Mechanics Inhalation – an active process CO2 level in the bloodstream rises Diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract Ribs and lungs move upward and outward Lung capacity increases Causing lower air pressure in the lungs than in the atmosphere – and therefore – Air rushes into the lungs – UNTIL Atmospheric pressure = air pressure in lungs Breathing Mechanics -- 2 Exhalation – A passive process Diaphragm and intercostals move upward Ribs and lungs move downward and inward Causing higher air pressure in the lungs than in the atmosphere Air leaves the lungs Breathing Mechanics -- 3 CO2 level rises The entire process begins again … Body Substance Isolation “BSI” Protect Yourself and your patient Gloves Eye Protection (goggles) Gown Use common sense! But don’t intimidate your patient!