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CHAPTER 5 PLATE TECTONICS AND CLIMATE 莊凱勳 Plate Tectonic Process Plate Tectonics Model Simulation of Pangaea Climate The Polar Position Hypothesis Tectonic Control of CO2 Input Tectonic Control of CO2 Removal What Controls Chemical Weathering? Plate Tectonics Chemical Composition 1. Ocean crust-Basalt 2. Continental crustGranite 3. Mantle-in the heavy Fe and Mg Physical Behavior 1. Lithosphere-Rigid plates 2. Asthenosphere-Soft & viscous fluid Tectonic Plates Manners of Plate Motions Earth’s Magnetic Field Magnetic stripes in the ocean This is along a section of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge of Iceland. Colored stripes mark regions with highly magnetized crust. Magnetization of Ocean Crust The Movement of Tectonic Plates Supercontinent of Pangaea Laurasia: North America, Europe, and north-central Asia Gondwana: Antarctica, Australia, Africa, South America, and India Laurasia Gondwana Reconstruction of Tectonic Plates Supercontinent of Pangaea Laurasia: North America, Europe, and north-central Asia Gondwana: Antarctica, Australia, Africa, South America, and India Laurasia Gondwana Model Simulation of Pangaea Climate Input to the Model Simulation of Pangaea Climate Output from the Model Simulation of Pangaea Climate Input to the Model Simulation of Pangaea Climate Distribution of land and sea Global sea level Topography Sun’s energy weaker 1% than today’s CO2 level in atmosphere Output from the Model Simulation of Pangaea Climate Output from the Model Simulation of Pangaea Climate (Summer-Winter Seasonal temperatures) Output from the Model Simulation of Pangaea Climate (Monsoon and Its Precipitation) A. Summer causes heated air to rise over the land and a strong low-pressure cell to develop at surface. B. The rising of heated air causes a net inflow of moisture-bearing winds from the ocean bringing heavy rains to the east coast. C. The situation in the winter is exactly reverse. The Polar Position Hypothesis Ice sheets should appear on continents when they are located at polar or near-polar latitudes. No ice should appear anywhere on Earth if no continents exist anywhere near the poles. The Polar Position Hypothesis The evidences of the Polar position hypothesis are the polar continents of Antarctica and the near-polar landmass of Greenland. 1. (Cold temperatures) caused by low angles of incident solar radiation. 2. High albedos resulting from the prevalent cover of snow and sea ice Contrast Glaciations with the Polar Position Hypothesis The BLAG Spreading Rate Hypothesis Robert Berent,Antonio Lasaga,and Robert Berner Tectonic Control of CO2 Input Climate changes during the last several hundred million years have been driven mainly by changes in the rate of CO2 input to the atmosphere by plate tectonic processes. The Weathering decreases CO2 degree in the atmosphere The decrease of CO2 in the atmosphere have been driven mainly by the weathering of the carbonate. CaCO3+H20+CO2 Ca2++2HCO3 2CaFeSi2O6+0.5O2+10H2O+4CO2 Fe2O3+4H4SiO4+2Ca2++4HCO3 Rock Exposure and Chemical Weathering The BLAG hypothesis views chemical weathering as the responding to three climate-related factors: temperature, precipitation, and vegetation. The surface area of the rocks exposure more, the effect of the chemical weathering stronger. Volcanic activity increased the degree of the CO2 in the atmosphere The mainly gas from the volcano: H2O(70.75%)、CO2(14.07%)、 SO2(6.40%)、N2(5.45%) 、SO3(1.92%)、 H2(0.33%)、Ar(0.18%)、S(0.10%) (資料來 源: http://volcano.gl.ntu.edu.tw/class/volcanolog y_all.htm) Carbon Cycling The Effects of the Seafloor Spreading Rate to CO2 in the Atmosphere At the margins of convergent plates, where portions of subducting plates melt and form molten magmas that rise to the surface in mountain belt volcanoes, carrying CO2 and other gases from Earth’s interior to it’s atmosphere. At the margins of divergent plates (ocean ridges), where hot magma carrying CO2 erupts directly into ocean water. The activities of volcanoes and Mid-Atlantic Ridge bring the CO2 to the surface. Spreading rates and CO2 input rate The Effects of the Seafloor Spreading Rate to CO2 The Relationship Between CO2 and Cooling Effect A. The changes are brought by the uplift B. The fragmentation speed the weathering C. The high speed weathering increases the depletion of CO2 D. Global Cooling Weather In the Amazon area Compare the three Hypothesis Evaluation of BLAG Spreading Rate (co2 input) Hypothesis Evaluation of Uplift Weathering (CO2 removal) hypothesis SUMMARY Besides the position of the continents, the mainly factors affect the climates in the natural environment are weathering, the tectonic plates process, and the degree of the volcano process. The stronger the weathering, the colder the climates. more tectonic plates movements volcanoes activite warmer climate more more CO2 released