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Intro to Ecology, ATP, Botany, Photosynthesis, and Cellular Respiration By: Mrs. Stahl Used and adapted with her permission for Whiting’s Honors Biology Unit Layout Background knowledge Energy- where does it all come from? Review of Ecological Terms Food webs, food chains, and the transfer of energy in ecosystems. All starts with sunlight and plants. ATP and ADP processes Photosynthesis Anatomy and functions of a plant. Process of photosynthesis and the importance of the chloroplast. Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Bringing Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration and the relationship they have together. How do we get our energy? Chemical energy- starts with the sun! Two Main Sources of Energy: Lipids Carbohydrates Energy is only useable after it is broken down by a series of chemical reactions Energy………… •Energy for living things comes from food. •Originally, the energy in food comes from the sun and travels up the food web or food chain. Let’s review some terminology!! Ecology- The study of living things and their surroundings. Organism- individual living thing. Species- a group of organisms that can reproduce together and produce fertile offspring. Ex- humans are the same species. Population- group of the same species. Ex- A group of bottlenose dolphins. Community- group of different species living together. Exampledeer, rabbits, and birds. Ecosystem- Made up of both biotic and abiotic factors. Example- rocks, water, deer, rabbits Biome- A region or area that is defined by the climate and plants that grow there. Example- Tropical Rain Forest. Biosphere- layer of Earth where all life exists; the hydrosphere! Biodiversity- Variety of life Abiotic- Non-living things. Ex- water, sunlight, rocks Biotic-Living things. Ex- Plants and animals Keystone Species- species that keeps an ecosystem in check / holds it together. Example- Sea otters keep the sea urchin population in check so that they don’t eat all the kelp (algae); wolves keep deer population down so they don’t eat all the new tree shoots. Producers / Autotrophs- make their own food via sunlight. Example- Plants Consumers / Heterotrophs- rely on others for food. Example- Animals Autotrophs Heterotrophs Types of Consumers Herbivores- Eat only plants Carnivores- Meat eaters Omnivores- Eat plants and animals Detritivores- Eat detritus or dead organic matter. Decomposers- Breakdown dead organic matter into simpler compounds. Herbivores Carnivores Omnivores Detritivores & Decomposers Energy Flow In ecosystems, energy has to flow from one organism to another, and it does this through food chains and food webs, starting with the sun and plants! Food Web Network of feeding relationships between trophic levels in an ecosystem. Arrows point in the direction which the energy is flowing. Food Chains Shows the feeding relationships for a single chain of producers and consumers. Rabbit eats the grass and the hawk eats the rabbit. How does the energy from the sun flow through an ecosystem? Trophic levels Trophic levels are nourishment levels in a food chain. Example: Producer-> Herbivore (Primary Consumer)->Carnivore (Secondary Consumer) = 3 Trophic levels Producers are the first, herbivores are second, and carnivores are the top consumers. Break it down further… – Primary consumers are herbivores that eat producers. – Secondary consumers are carnivores that eat herbivores. – Tertiary consumers are carnivores that eat secondary consumers. – Omnivores, such as humans that eat both plants and animals, may be listed at different trophic levels in different food chains. Trophic Levels Shark Triggerfish Shrimp Plants, algae, phytoplankton How does the energy get distributed from trophic level to trophic level? We know that ecosystems get their energy from sunlight, which then provides the energy for photosynthesis to occur. That energy then flows up the food chain. The amount of energy that gets transferred from trophic level to trophic level is 10% = Biomass 5 tertiary consumers secondary consumers primary consumers 5000 Carnivores eat herbivores and more energy is lost 500,000 Herbivores eat plants but burn some energy in the process Energy given off as heat producers producers 5,000,000 Producers use 100% of energy from the sun How does life continue? The sun pumps more energy into the plants, allowing life to carry on. How do organisms lose energy? Metabolism Maintaining homeostasis- keeping your body at normal temperature Mating, finding food, resting, movement, growth, The same way we use energy so do other organisms. That’s why we have to continuously eat. Unused material = excreted as waste Some fun review! http://www.youtube.com/watch?v =WLk-9ib0OVA http://www.youtube.com/watch?v =GUY_-LK_lOc ATP AND ADPOUR MAIN ENERGY CURRENCY phosphate removed ATP- Adenosine Triphosphate Molecule that transfers energy from the breakdown of food molecules to cell processes. Starch molecule Glucose molecule Cells use ATP to: 1. Carry energy 2. Build molecules 3. Move materials by active transport ATP is made up of: Sugar ribose Adenine Three Phosphates ATP has 3 phosphate groups: Third bond is unstable, so it is easily broken When the 3rd is removed, energy is released and ADP is formed. How is ATP made? Breakdown of sugars Starch molecule Glucose molecule How are sugars made? By capturing energy from sunlight and changing it into chemical energy stored in sugars. How does ATP work ? Step 1- The energy carried by ATP is released when a phosphate group is removed from the molecule. The third bond is unstable and is easily broken. Step 2- Reaction takes place and the energy is released for cell functions, meaning the third phosphate fell off. Step 3- ATP (high energy) then becomes ADP (lower energy molecule) because it just lost a phosphate. Step 4-The molecules get broken down and energy gets added. Step 5- Phosphate is added and it’s back to ATP! phosphate removed What is needed to change ADP into ATP? Large group of complex proteins and a phosphate group (PO4) Why is this important? The foods that you eat do not contain ATP directly The food needs to be digested and broken down chemically Everything that you eat has a different calorie amount (measures of energy), therefore different foods produce different amounts of ATP. The number of ATP produced depends on what you eat- Carbohydrates, proteins, or lipids. Swallow your food and then digestion takes place (NOT THAT FAST, OF COURSE!). Does each type of food have the same amount of calories? - NO!!! - Different foods have a different amount of calories, therefore provide different amounts of ATP. Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are not stored in large amounts in your body because they are the most commonly broken down molecule. The breakdown of glucose yields 36 ATP. Carbohydrates DO NOT provide the body with the most ATP. ***** Lipids do! (more C-H bonds) Lipids Store the most energy, about 80% of the energy in your body. When they are broken down they yield the most ATP, 146 ATP Proteins Store about the same amount of energy as carbohydrates, but they are less likely to be broken down to make ATP. The amino acids that cells can break down to make ATP are needed and used to build new proteins. Summary The number of ATP molecules depends on the number of carbohydrates, lipids, or proteins broken down. The organic compound most commonly broken down to make ATP = carbohydrates. Fun Video https://www.youtube.com/watch? v=V_xZuCPIHvk http://www.youtube.com/watch?v =xUpuuL24NiQ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v =XI8m6o0gXDY We know that plants use photosynthesis, but what about organisms that live in the deep sea, where there isn’t any sunlight? Chemosynthesis Some animals don’t need sunlight & photosynthesis as a source of energy. Chemosynthesisprocess by which organisms use chemical energy to make their food. Example- Deep Ocean Hydrothermal Vents. https://www.youtube.com/watch ?v=XotF9fzo4Vo Do plants need ATP? YES!!!!!! Plants make their own food through photosynthesis where they breakdown sugars -> ATP Photosynthesis Defined as the process that captures energy from sunlight to make sugars that store chemical energy. Location- Chloroplast of plant cells. Photosynthesis Chloro= Green chloroplast Phyll= Leaf Plast = Molded leaf cell leaf Chloroplast Leaf Cell Leaf Anatomy of a Flower Female Parts Female parts ->Pistil, which is made up of the stigma, style, ovule, and ovary. Stigma- Sticky portion that catches the pollen. Style- tube that allows sperm / pollen to be transported. Ovary- becomes the fruit Ovule- where the seed develops Male parts Male Parts: Stamen- male parts are made up of the anther and the filament. Anther- Produces the pollen Filament- Support tube for the anther Sepals- green, tough region that protects the flower before it opens. Receptacle- hard, base of the flower, bears the organs of the flower Stem- support, transports water and nutrients Petals- scented and colored to attract pollinators Two Types of Seed Plants Angiosperms Reproduce with structures called flowers and fruits. Brightly colored / highly scented Attract animals-> transported from place to place via pollination, feces, water, and wind Gymnosperms Conifers- cone bearers like pine trees. Naked seeds that aren’t enclosed in a fruit. Needle shaped leaves with a protective cuticle. Rely on wind for pollination. Angiosperms Gymnosperms Leaves Major site of photosynthesis / food production. Minimize water loss by collecting water and transpiration. Take in carbon dioxide and produce oxygen through the stomata. Stomatas are tiny pores in the leaf. Protects stems and roots with shade and shelter. Basic Structure Blade- collects the sunlight Petiole- stem that holds the leaf blade up. Upper portion / Top of the leaf The tissue mesophyll, contains most of the chloroplast and is where the majority of photosynthesis takes place. Bottom portion of the leaf / underside Has the stomata and is the site of transpiration and gas exchange. Guard cells surround each stomata and open and close by changing shape. Day- stomata is open, allowing the carbon dioxide to enter and water to evaporate. Night- closed Guard Cells Modified epidermal cells that are photosynthetic and they open and close the stomata. Potassium ions accumulate in the guard cells and when there is a high concentration of K+ it causes water to flow into the cells. When the plant is full of water, the guard cells plump up and open the stomata. Factors that affect the stomata and guard cells Temperature, humidity, hormones, and the amount of carbon dioxide in the leaves tells the guard cells to open and close 4 Types of Plant Tissues 1. Ground Tissue 2. Dermal Tissue 3. Vascular Tissue 4. Meristematic Tissue Ground Tissue: most common and they differ based on their cell walls- 3 Types 1. Parenchymal 2. Collenchymal 3. Sclerenchymal Parenchymal Cells The most common plant cell typemesophyll Cell walls store and secrete starch, oils and water Help heal wounds to the plant Have thin, flexible walls Collenchyma Cells Provide support to a growing plant They are strong and flexible. Celery strings are strands of collenchyma. They have unevenly thick cell walls. Sclerenchyma cells Strongest, support, very thick cell walls Second cell wall hardened by lignin Die when they reach maturity Used by humans to make linen and rope Dermal Tissue Covers and protects the outside Secretes cuticle of leaves Forms outer bark of trees= dead dermal cells Epidermis= covers the surface, made up of parenchymal cells Guard cells= surround the stomata and has a cuticle that secretes a waxy substance for protection. Vascular TissueXylem & Phloem Transports water, minerals, nutrients, and organic compounds to all areas of the plant. Made up of two networks of tubes- xylem and phloem. Phloem Carries the products of photosynthesis through the plant via active transport (products = oxygen and glucose). Remember- PHLOEM IS FOR FOOD Part of the bark (at or near) Have little sieve tubes and plates that help the fluid flow from one cell to another. Xylem Carries water and nutrients from the roots to the rest of the plant. Found within the wood of the tree. Tracheids- long, thin, overlapping cells with tapered ends. Vessel Members- wider, shorter, thinner cell walls. Meristematic Tissue Growth tissue Where cell division occurs Turns into ground, dermal, or vascular Apical Meristems- tips of roots and stems-> primary growth occurs here. Lateral Meristems- secondary growth. Increase the thickness of roots and stems. Seeds Monocots= one seed Dicots= two seeds Seed coat= protection Embryo Epicotyl- top, shoot tip Hypocotyl- attached to the cotyledon, young shoot Radicle- first organ from the germinating seed-> becomes the root. Cotyledon or Endospermstores food for the embryo Environmental cues that are required by the seed: Water, light, and temperature The seed is mature -> goes into a dormant stage until all environmental needs are met. Germination allows the seed to turn into a plant: 1st- Water is absorbed 2nd- Enzymes get triggered 3rd- Chemical process= respiration 4th- Water gets absorbed, causes the seed to swell and the seed coat cracks. 5th- Roots grow from the radicle and anchor the seedling into the soil. Hypocotyl grows to produce a young shoot. Roots and Stems Absorb nutrients Anchor the plant (hold it down) Store food They have specialized organs to carry these out. Root Organs 1. Epidermis- covers the outside surface of the root Has root hairs= increases surface area and allows for more water to be absorbed. They are constantly being replaced. 2. Cortex- makes up most of the root-> stores starch (sugars) in the parenchymal cells. 3. Endodermis- tightly packed ring of cells. Has suberin, a waxy band that surrounds each endodermis cell in a barrier where water can’t pass through called the Casparian Strip-> controls the movement of water and minerals. Root Growth Root Cap- tip, protects the apical meristem where primary growth occurs. Stems Support leaves and flowers Move water and food Fun Tree Rings Type of secondary growth Form due to uneven growth over the seasons. Age of the tree is done by counting the rings Lighter cell bands =spring growth Darker bands = later season growth During good growing seasons the rings are thicker Physiological Process of Transpiration, Photosynthesis, and Cellular Respiration Transpiration Evaporation of water from leaves Water is pushed up through the xylem by root pressure created from water moving up the soil to the plants root system and into the xylem-> results in small droplets of sap-> called guttation. Water is also pulled up through cohesion through the xylem tissue-> creates a negative pressure or tension from roots to leaves. Rate of Transpiration Slows in high humidity Accelerates or speeds up in low humidity Increases with wind Increases with intense light= increased photosynthesis and water vapor THE END! Used with personal permission by Ms.Stahl