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Transcript
Status of Living and Extinct Taxa Mammals Amphibians 1/7 (14%) is globally threatened or extinct. ©2011 The Regents of the University of California Nearly 1/4 (22%) Nearly 1/3 (31%) is globally is globally threatened threatened or extinct. or extinct. Birds DRAFT Science & Global Issues/EvolutionTRANSPARENCY 2.1 The Geologic Time Scale ©2011 The Regents of the University of California The Geologic Time Scale Geologic era or event Geologic period Geologic epoch Time (mya) Earth is formed — — 4,500 Archean — — 4,300 Proterozoic — — 2,500 Paleozoic Cambrian — 542 Paleozoic Ordovician — 488 Paleozoic Silurian — 444 Paleozoic Devonian — 416 Paleozoic Carboniferous — 359 8.0 Paleozoic Permian — 299 6.6 Mesozoic Triassic — 251 5.6 Mesozoic Jurassic — 200 4.4 Mesozoic Cretaceous — 145 Cenozoic Tertiary Paleocene 65 Cenozoic Tertiary Eocene 55.8 Cenozoic Tertiary Oligocene 33.9 Cenozoic Tertiary Miocene 23 Cenozoic Tertiary Pliocene 5.3 Cenozoic Quaternary Pleistocene 1.8 0.04 Cenozoic Quaternary Recent (Holocene) 0.01 0 DRAFT Distance on a football field (yds) 100 Science & Global Issues/EvolutionTRANSPARENCY 3.1 Science & Global Issues/EvolutionTRANSPARENCY 4.1 + ©2011 The Regents of the University of California Heritable variation → Competition for environmental resources needed for survival Natural Selection and Evolution DRAFT Differential reproduction → Changes in populations over time Timeline of Ideas Leading Up to and Following Darwin’s Work 1798An Essay on the Principle of Population: Malthus states increasing human population will need more food than available. 1809 oological Philosophy: Lamarck suggests Z evolution occurs in an individual organism— some organs used more, some less. Darwin is born. 1827Darwin drops out of medical school, begins religious studies at Cambridge. Botany professor recommends him to the Beagle expedition. ©2011 The Regents of the University of California 1830 P rinciples of Geology: Lyell discusses the great age of the Earth, how small changes over long periods lead to change on a grand scale. 1831Darwin joins the voyage of the H.M.S. Beagle as naturalist, reads Lyell’s first volume. 1836H.M.S. Beagle returns. Naturalists help Darwin catalog his specimens. Farmers and pigeon breeders describe to him their efforts to improve crops and animals. (continued on next page) DRAFT Science & Global Issues/EvolutionTRANSPARENCY 4.2 1842Sketch on Natural Selection: Darwin’s initial version of his theory of evolution. 1858Alfred Wallace comes to the same conclusion as Darwin: natural selection is a driving force behind evolution. Linnaean Society presents the men’s work together. 1859On the Origin of Species: Darwin explains his theory of evolution by natural selection. 1866Austrian monk Gregor Mendel proposes the Laws of Heredity, based on his work with peas, mostly unnoticed until nearly 1900. ©2011 The Regents of the University of California 1900Thomas Hunt Morgan’s work on eye color in fruit flies reveals the mechanism of mutation, the source of genetic variation. 1942Systematics and the Origin of Species: Ernst Mayr gives examples of geographic isolation and how it leads to speciation. 1953Francis Crick, Rosalind Franklin, and James Watson discover the structure of DNA. DRAFT Science & Global Issues/EvolutionTRANSPARENCY 4.2 Complete Whale Fossil Chart O B, D ©2011 The Regents of the University of California T A K M DRAFT Science & Global Issues/EvolutionTRANSPARENCY 5.1 Whale Evolutionary Tree toothed and baleen whales (including O) Modern Miocene (25 mya) Oligocene basilosaurs (B) protocetids (T) remingtonocetids ©2011 The Regents of the University of California pakicetids (K) Eocene mesonychids (M) Paleocene (65 mya) paraxonians (hoofed land mammals) Key: Horizontal line (T) indicates that these are no known descendents of these fossils. DRAFT Science & Global Issues/EvolutionTRANSPARENCY 5.2 3456 SEPUP SGI Evolution TG Figure: 3456EvoTG 05_09Trans Science & Global Issues/EvolutionTRANSPARENCY 7.1 Eukarya Plantae Magnoliophyta Magnoliopsida Fagales Fagaceae Quercus Quercus rubra Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Mus musculus Mus (superfamily, Muroidea; subfamily, Murinae) Muridae Rodentia Mammalia Chordata Animalia Eukarya Mouse ©2011 The Regents of the University of California Northern red oak tree Level Taxonomy DRAFT Carnivora Mammalia Chordata Animalia Eukarya House cat Escherichia coli Escherichia Felis domesticus Felis Enterobacteriaceae Felidae Enterobacteriales Gamma Proteobacteria Proteobacteria Eubacteria Bacteria E. coli Homo sapiens Homo Hominidae Primates Mammalia Chordata Animalia Eukarya Human Pan troglodytes Pan Hominidae Primates Mammalia Chordata Animalia Eukarya Chimpanzee Vertebrate Forelimbs humerus humerus radius carpals ulna ulna radius humerus carpals fused radius and ulna (radioulna) carpals ©2011 The Regents of the University of California pig frog whale 3456 SEPUP SGI Evolution TG Figure: 3456EvoTG 07_07Trans Agenda MedCond 9/9 DRAFT Science & Global Issues/EvolutionTRANSPARENCY 7.2 Homology and Analogy radius humerus ulna carpals humerus ©2011 The Regents of the University of California radius ulna DRAFT carpals 3456 SEPUP SGI Evolution TG Issues/EvolutionTRANSPARENCY 7.3 Science & Global Figure: 3456EvoTG 07_24Trans Agenda MedCond 9/9 Vertebrate Tree ©2011 The Regents of the University of California lamprey 3456 SEPUP SGI Evolution TG Figure: 3456EvoTG 07_08Trans Agenda MedCond 9/9 DRAFT Science & Global Issues/EvolutionTRANSPARENCY 7.4 Hypotheses for Vertebrate Phylogeny CLADE lamprey frog bird whale pig human node 5 node 4 node 3 node 2 node 1 HYPOTHESIS 1 lamprey frog bird pig whale human lamprey frog bird human whale pig ©2011 The Regents of the University of California HYPOTHESIS 2 HYPOTHESIS 3 3456 SEPUP SGI Evolution TG Figure: 3456EvoTG 07_09Trans Agenda MedCond 9/9 DRAFT Science & Global Issues/EvolutionTRANSPARENCY 7.5 Vertebrate Phylogeny lamprey frog bird human whale pig double-pulley ankle ©2011 The Regents of the University of California 3456 SEPUP SGI Evolution TG Figure: 3456EvoTG 08_04Trans Agenda MedCond 9/9 DRAFT Science & Global Issues/EvolutionTRANSPARENCY 8.1 Skull Measurements 4 angle of forehead 2 angle of face 1 incisors ©2011 The Regents of the University of California 3 molars 3456 SEPUP SGI Evolution TG Figure: 3456EvoTG 08_04Trans Agenda MedCond 9/9 DRAFT Science & Global Issues/EvolutionTRANSPARENCY 8.2 ©2011 The Regents of the University of California Mice in a Light Granite Environment DRAFT Science & Global Issues/EvolutionTRANSPARENCY 12.1 3456 SEPUP SGI Evolution TG ©2011 The Regents of the University of California Mice in a Dark Lava Bed Environment DRAFT Science & Global Issues/EvolutionTRANSPARENCY 12.2 3456 SEPUP SGI Evolution TG